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Sophomore 1 Test 4 > Infectious Disease > Flashcards

Infectious Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Stages of Infectious Disease

A
  1. Incubation
  2. Prodrome
  3. Illness
  4. Convalescence
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2
Q

Incubation

A

Time from entrance of pathogen into the body to appearance of first symptoms; during this time pathogens grow and multiply

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3
Q

Prodrome

A

Time from onset of non-specific symptoms such as fever, malaise, and fatigue to more specific symptoms

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4
Q

Illness Stage

A

Time during which child demonstrates signs and symptoms specific o an infection type

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5
Q

Convalescence

A

Time when acute symptoms of illness disappear

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6
Q

Contact Precautions

A

Gloves, proper hand hygiene after glove removal, use gloves and gowns for all interactions that involve contact with the child

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7
Q

Contact Precaution Diseases

A

C. diff

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8
Q

Droplet Precautions

A

Wear a mask if within 3 feet of the child

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9
Q

Droplet Precautions Diseases

A

Flu and RSV

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10
Q

Airborne Precautions

A

Room with negative air pressure with door closed, wear a mask or respirator (N95 respirator)

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11
Q

Airborne Precautions Diseases

A

TB and measles

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12
Q

Temperature routes and what qualifies as a high temperature?

A
  1. Oral: > 37.8 C (100 F)
  2. Rectal: > 38 C (100.4 F)
  3. Axillary: > 37.2 C (99 F)
  4. Tympanic: > 38 C (100.4 F)
  5. Temporal: > 38 C (100.4 F)
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13
Q

When should you call the pediatrician for temperature?

A
  1. Less than 3 months, rectal temperature greater than 38 C (100.4 F)
  2. Greater than 3 months, temperature greater than 39 C (102.2 F)
  3. Fever that produces lethargy (regardless of temperature)
  4. Fever lasting more than 3-5 days
  5. Fever greater than 40.6 C (105 F)
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14
Q

Treat the fever at home with…

A
  1. Ibuprofen

2. Acetaminophen

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15
Q

Ibuprofen for fever

A

4 to 10 mg/kg/dose

  • Must be greater than 6 months old
  • Every 6-8 hours
  • Do not exceed 4 doses in 24 hours
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16
Q

Acetaminophen for fever

A

10 to 15 mg/kg/dose

  • Every 4 hours
  • Do not exceed 5 doses in 24 hours
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17
Q

Antipyretic Action

A

They decrease the temperature set point by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins

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18
Q

What should never be given to a pediatric patient (less than 19 years old) to lower a fever?

A

Aspirin - Reye’s Syndrome

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19
Q

S/Sx of Sepsis

A
  1. Change in LOC (early sign)
  2. Lethargy
  3. Dehydration
  4. Hypotension (late sign)
  5. Poor perfusion
  6. Multisystem organ failure
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20
Q

Why are neonates and young infants more susceptible to sepsis?

A
  1. Immature immune systems
  2. Inability to localize infections
  3. Lack of immunoglobulin (IgM) which is necessary to protect agains bacterial infections
    * * Full workups should be done on these patients
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21
Q

Anticipated Interventions for Sepsis

A
  1. Monitor VS (hyperthermia, tachypnea, tachycardia)
  2. Tests and procedures
  3. Isolation (contact until cause is known)
  4. Fluid resuscitation
  5. Antibiotics
  6. Vasopressors
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22
Q

CBC for fever

A

WBC levels will be elevated; in severe cases they may be decreased (this is an ominous sign)

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23
Q

C-reactive protein for fever

A

Will be elevated

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24
Q

Blood culture for fever

A

Positive in septicemia, indicating bacteria is present in the blood

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25
Q

Urine culture for fever

A

May be positive indicating presence of bacteria in the urine

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26
Q

Stool culture for fever

A

May be positive for bacteria or other infectious organisms

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27
Q

Chest x-ray for fever

A

May reveal signs of pneumonia such as hyperinflation and patchy areas of atelectasis or infiltration

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28
Q

CAMRSA

A

Community-Acquired Methicillin Resistant Staphlococcus Aureus

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29
Q

S/Sx of CAMRSA

A

Skin and soft tissue infections are common

Look for:

  • Redness
  • Swelling
  • Fever
  • Possible drainage
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30
Q

CAMRSA Risk Factors

A
  1. Contact sports
  2. Openings in the skin
  3. Contact with contaminated items and surfaces
  4. Poor hygiene
  5. Crowded areas
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31
Q

CAMRSA Diagnostics

A

Diagnosed through culture

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32
Q

CAMRSA Treatment

A
  1. Antibiotics
  2. Incision and drainage
  3. Wound care
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33
Q

Scarlet Fever

A
  1. Usually occurs with group A streptococci
  2. Toxin released in blood causing rash
  3. Most commonly seen in school age children (5-15) (rare under 2)
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34
Q

Isolation Precautions for Scarlet Fever

A

Droplet

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35
Q

When is scarlet fever no longer contagious?

A

After 24 hours of antibiotic therapy

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36
Q

S/Sx of Scarlet Fever

A
  1. Acute and abrupt onset of symptoms
  2. Sore throat
  3. N/V
  4. Headache
  5. Rash
  6. Strawberry tongue
  7. Enlarged cervical lymph nodes
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37
Q

Interventions for scarlet fever

A
  1. Throat swab (rapid and overnight)
  2. Antibiotics (PCN/erythromycin)
  3. Education for family
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38
Q

Comfort measures for scarlet fever patient

A
  1. Cool mist humidifier

2. Soft foods, warm liquids like soup, or cold foods life popsicles

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39
Q

Is there a vaccination for scarlet fever?

A

No

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40
Q

What is diphtheria?

A

Infection of the nose, larynx, throat, tonsils, or pharynx

  • Upper airway obstruction and suffocation from pseudomembraneous growth
  • Neck becomes edematous and lymphadenopathy
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41
Q

Isolation precautions for diphtheria

A

Droplet

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42
Q

Is there a vaccine for diphtheria?

A

Yes

  • DTaP for children less than 7
  • Tdap for children older than 7
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43
Q

S/Sx of diphtheria

A
  1. Fever
  2. Sore throat
  3. Poor PO intake due to difficulty swallowing (dehydration)
  4. Respiratory distress
  5. Pseudomembrane
  6. Bull’s neck
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44
Q

Interventions for diphtheria

A
  1. Antibiotics and antitoxin (to encourage sloughing of the membrane)
  2. Bedrest
  3. Hydration
  4. Airway management
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45
Q

How is diphtheria diagnosed?

A

Throat culture

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46
Q

Pertussis

A

Whooping Cough

  • Acute bacterial respiratory infection
  • Copious secretions
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47
Q

Is there a vaccine for pertussis?

A

Yes

  • DTaP for children less than 7
  • Tdap for children older than 7
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48
Q

Isolation precautions for pertussis

A

Droplet

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49
Q

S/Sx of pertussis

A
  1. “Whooping” cough
  2. Cyanosis
  3. Vomiting
  4. Difficulty eating
  5. Increased secretions
  6. Lethargy
  7. Dehydration
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50
Q

Pertussis Diagnostics

A

This diagnosis may be confirmed by a variety of laboratory tests

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51
Q

Pertussis Interventions

A
  1. Antibiotics
  2. Hydration
  3. Humidified oxygen
  4. Suction
    * * A high humidity environment is needed
    * * Cough may take months to completely go away
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52
Q

Tetanus

A
  • Bacterial infection from soil, dust, and feces
    - Toxins are produced and released
  • Enters through a break in the skin (wound, burn, street drug injections)
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53
Q

Is there a vaccination for tetanus?

A

Yes

  • DTaP for children less than 7
  • Tdap for children older than 7
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54
Q

S/Sx of tetanus

A
  1. Wound
  2. Headache
  3. Increased muscle tone and spasms
  4. Cramping of jaw (lock jaw)
  5. Difficulty swallowing
  6. Stiff neck
  7. Seizures
  8. Fever
  9. Opisthotonos (abnormal posturing)
  10. HTN
  11. Tachycardia
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55
Q

Tetanus Interventions

A
  1. Airway management
  2. Reduce anxiety and stimuli
  3. Manage pain, spasms, seizures
  4. Nutrition and fluid management
  5. Antibiotics and antitoxins
  6. Wound care
  7. Education for family
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56
Q

Tetanus Complications

A
  1. Breathing problems
  2. Fractures
  3. Hypertension
  4. Dysrhythmias
  5. Blood clots in lungs
  6. Pneumonia
  7. Coma
  8. Death
57
Q

Isolation Precautions for Tetanus

A

Not contagious from person to person. Standard precautions are sufficient.

58
Q

Tetanus booster

A

If it has been more than 5 years since the last tetanus dose, a booster may be needed. This can help neutralize the poison and prevent it from entering the nervous system.

59
Q

Tuberculosis

A

Infection where bacteria multiply in the alveoli and inflammatory exudate forms

60
Q

S/Sx of Tuberculosis

A
  1. Cough
  2. Fever
  3. Malaise
  4. Weight loss
  5. Anorexia
  6. Pain/tightness in chest
  7. Possibly hemoptysis
  8. Could be asymptomatic (latent infection)
61
Q

Isolation Precautions for Tuberculosis

A

Airborne

62
Q

Tuberculosis Nursing Management

A
  1. Oral/IM therapy (6-9 months)
  2. Adequate nutrition
  3. Rest
  4. Comfort measures (fever reduction, preventing exposure to other infectious diseases, and preventing reinfection)
63
Q

Exanthems Infections

A

(Rash or skin eruptions)

  1. Measles (Rubeola)
  2. German measles (Rubella)
  3. Varicella zoster (Chicken pox)
  4. Erythema infectiosum (parvovirus B19 or 5th disease)
  5. Exanthem suitum (roseola infantum or 6th disease)
  6. Hand, foot, and mouth disease (mouth only Herpangina)
64
Q

Non-Exanthems Infections

A
  1. Mononucleosis (covered in respiratory lecture)

2. Mumps

65
Q

Mumps (bacterial or viral?)

A

Viral Infection

66
Q

S/Sx of Mumps

A
  1. Low grade fever
  2. Malaise
  3. Poor PO intake
  4. Headache
  5. Abdominal pain
  6. Parotitis (swelling of the neck)
  7. Orchitis (inflammation of testicle)
  8. Oophoritis (inflammation of ovary)
    * * Up to half of people with mumps will have nonspecific or mild respiratory symptoms or no symptoms at all
67
Q

Isolation Precautions for Mumps

A

Droplet

68
Q

Mumps Diagnostics

A

Diagnosed by laboratory tests and clinical presentation

69
Q

Is there a vaccine for mumps?

A

Yes, with 2 doses of MMR

70
Q

Mumps Interventions

A
  1. Fever management (acetaminophen and ibuprofen)
  2. Pain management
  3. Oral fluids
  4. Ice pack (for orchitis)
71
Q

Isolation Precautions for Mumps

A

Hospitalized children should be confined to respiratory isolation to prevent spread of the disease.

72
Q

Rubella (virus or bacterial?)

A

Virus

73
Q

Isolation Precautions for Rubella

A

Droplet

74
Q

Is there a vaccine for rubella?

A

Yes, MMR

75
Q

S/Sx of rubella

A
  1. Rash on face (spreads head to foot, and also disappears this way)
  2. Itching
  3. Fever
  4. Malaise
  5. Upper respiratory infection
  6. Lymphadenopathy
  7. Inflammation/pain in joints
    * * Milder than rubeola
76
Q

Rubella Interventions

A
  1. Fluids
  2. Antipyretics
  3. Antipuritics
  4. AVOID contact with pregnant women
77
Q

How can rubella affect pregnant women?

A
  1. Fetal death
  2. Miscarriage
  3. Congenital malformations
78
Q

Isolation Precautions for Rubeola

A

Airborne

79
Q

Rubeola (virus or bacterial?)

A

Virus

80
Q

Isolation Precautions for Rubeola

A

Airborne

81
Q

Is there a vaccine for rubeola?

A

Yes, MMR

82
Q

S/Sx of Rubeola

A
  1. Fever
  2. Coryza (stuffy/runny nose)
  3. Cough
  4. Conjunctivitis
  5. Koplik spots (on tongue)
  6. Erythematous rash (spreads from head down and outward)
83
Q

Rubeola Interventions

A
  1. Antipyretics
  2. Antipruritics
  3. Warm, moist cloth to eyes
  4. Humidified air
84
Q

Varicella Zoster (bacterial or virus?)

A

Caused by human herpes virus 3

85
Q

Isolation Precautions for Varicella Zoster

A

Contact and airborne precautions

86
Q

Latency of Varicella Zoster

A

Lifelong latent infection

- Reactivation results in shingles

87
Q

S/Sx of varicella zoster

A
  1. Fever
  2. Headache
  3. Anorexia
  4. Mild abdominal pain
  5. Rash (often first sign)
  6. Intense pruritis (appears on scalp, face, trunk, then extremities)
  7. Macules/papules/fluid-filled vesicles (lesions erupt then lesions scab and crust)
88
Q

Varicella Zoster Interventions

A
  1. Antipyretics
  2. Antipruritics
  3. Fluids
  4. Skin care
89
Q

What causes roseola infantum?

A

Herpes virus 6 and virus 7 (“sixth disease”)

90
Q

Isolation Precautions for roseola infantum

A

Transmission unknown = Standard Precautions

91
Q

S/Sx of roseola infantum

A
  1. High fever for 3-5 days that stops abruptly
  2. Rash within 12-24 hours of fever and lasts 1-3 days
  3. Rash - pinkish red, flat, or raised spots that blanch when touched
92
Q

Roseola Infantum Interventions

A
  1. Antipyretics
  2. Antipruritics
  3. Fluids
93
Q

Erythema Infectiosum (virus or bacterial?)

A

Virus also known as “fifth disease”

94
Q

Isolation Precautions for Erythema Infectiosum

A
  1. Droplet transmission
  2. Most children are no longer contagious once rash appears
  3. Avoid contact with pregnant women
95
Q

S/Sx of Erythema Infectiosum

A
  1. Low grade fever
  2. Headache
  3. Upper respiratory infection
  4. Rash
  5. Pain or swelling in the joints
96
Q

Describe the erythema infectiosum rash

A
  1. Starts as erythematous flushing of the cheeks (“slapped cheek”)
  2. Spreads to trunk, then move peripherally
  3. Lace-like appearance
  4. Can disappear and reappear with sunlight exposure
97
Q

Erythema Infectiosum Interventions

A
  1. Antipyretics
  2. Antipruritics
  3. Fluids
98
Q

Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (virus or bacterial?)

A

Virus

99
Q

Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Transmission

A

Transmitted by direct contact with oral/fecal secretions

100
Q

S/Sx of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease

A
  1. High fever (1st symptom)
  2. Vesicles on tongue and oral mucosa which leads to ulcers
  3. Vesicles on hands and feet (football shaped)
  4. Pain, decreased PO intake, drooling
  5. Dehydration is biggest complication
101
Q

Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Interventions

A
  1. Antipyretics
  2. Pain control
  3. Fluids
  4. Magic swizzle mouthwash (has lidocaine in it)
102
Q

Cat Scratch Disease

A

Introduced by a cat bite or scratch

- Cats receive bacteria from flea bites

103
Q

Isolation Precautions for Cat Scratch Disease

A

Standard Precautions (no person to person transmission)

104
Q

S/Sx of Cat Scratch Disease

A
  1. Lymphadenopathy
  2. Fever
  3. Fatigue
  4. Headache
  5. Abscess
  6. Recent exposure to cat scratch or bite
  7. Skin papule or pustule
  8. Anorexia
105
Q

Rabies (viral or bacterial?)

A

Viral

106
Q

Rabies Transmission

A

Close contact with infected saliva, usually by rabid animal bite

107
Q

Cat Scratch Disease Interventions

A
  1. Antibiotics
  2. Abscesses may need incision and drainage
  3. Education
108
Q

Cat Scratch Disease Education

A
  1. Avoid rough play with cats/kittens
  2. Wash bites with soap and water
    • Cats should not lick child’s open wounds
  3. Flea control
109
Q

Cat Scratch Disease (viral or bacterial?)

A

Bacterial

110
Q

S/Sx of Rabies

A
  1. History of attack
  2. Exposure to bats
  3. Fever
  4. Headache
  5. Malaise
  6. Changes in LOC
  7. Progressive neuro symptoms (insomnia, confusion, hallucinations, hypersalivation)
  8. Pain
  9. Pruritis
  10. Paresthesia at the bite site
111
Q

Rabies Interventions

A
  1. Wound irrigation with soap, water, iodine
  2. Administration of human rabies immune globulin (HRIG)
  3. Prompt vaccination
  4. EMLA cream - topical analgesic
112
Q

Vector-Borne Infections

A
  1. Lyme disease

2. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

113
Q

Lyme Disease

A
  1. Caused by an infected tick (mice or deer)
  2. Most common vector borne disease in US
  3. Prevalent in the summer months
  4. Prognosis is excellent with treatment
114
Q

Isolation Precautions for Lyme Disease

A

Standard Precautions

115
Q

S/Sx of Lyme Disease

A
  1. History of tick bite
  2. Fever
  3. Malaise
  4. Headache
  5. Myalgia (muscle pain)
  6. Joint pain
  7. “Bull’s eye” rash (erythema migrans)
116
Q

Lyme Disease Interventions

A
  1. Antibiotics
    - Doxycycline for children greater than 8
    - Amoxicillin for children younger than 8
  2. Education - prompt and proper tick removal
117
Q

Procedure for Proper Tick Removal

A
  1. Use fine-tipped tweezers
  2. Protect fingers with a tissue, paper towel, or latex gloves
  3. Grasp tick as close to the skin as possible and pull upward with steady, even pressure
  4. Do not twist or jerk the tick
  5. Once the tick is removed, clean site with soap and water, rubbing alcohol, or iodine scrub and wash your hands
  6. Save the tick for identification in case the child becomes sick. Place in a sealable plastic bag and put it in your freezer. Write date of bite on the bag.
118
Q

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

A
  1. Caused by an infected tick (7 days post bite)
  2. Fatal without prompt treatment
  3. Complications and long-term effect if not treated promptly
119
Q

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Complications

A
  1. Pulmonary edema
  2. Cerebral edema
  3. Multiorgan damage
  4. Partial paralysis of the lower extremities
  5. Hearing loss
  6. Loss of bladder and bowel control
  7. Movement and language disorders
120
Q

S/Sx of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

A
  1. History of tick bite
  2. Fever
  3. Headache
  4. Malaise
  5. N/V
  6. Myalgia
  7. Anorexia
  8. Late Signs:
    - Rash
    - Abdominal pain
    - Joint pain
    - Diarrhea
121
Q

Describe the rocky mountain spotted fever rash

A

Non-itchy, spreads rapidly over the entire body

122
Q

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Interventions

A
  1. Antibiotics - doxycycline for ALL ages

2. Education of prompt and proper tick removal

123
Q

Scabies

A

Mites that burrow into the skin

124
Q

Isolation Precautions for Scabies

A

Transmitted through prolonged, close personal contact.

** Contact precautions

125
Q

S/Sx of Scabies

A
  1. Pruritus and rash on hands, feet, and in body folds

2. May include excoriations, vesicles, pustules, or lesions

126
Q

Scabies Interventions

A

Scabicide cream - entire body, 8-14 hours, strict adherence

127
Q

Scabies Education

A
  1. Prophylactic therapy
  2. Clean bedding and clothing
  3. Vacuuming
128
Q

Head Lice

A

Insects that cling to the scalp and neck and feed on human blood

129
Q

Isolation Precautions for Head Lice

A

Transmitted through direct contact with hair and personal belongings (brush, comb, hat, etc)
** Contact Preacutions

130
Q

S/Sx of Head Lice

A
  1. Eggs and adult lice with the naked eye

2. Extreme pruritus

131
Q

Head Lice Interventions

A
  1. Pediculicide shampoo - strict adherence

2. Retreatment is recommended after 9 days

132
Q

Head Lice Education

A

Check hair shafts after treatment, treat bedmates prophylactically, disinfect headgear, towels, linen, soaking combs

133
Q

Parasitic Infections

A
  1. Scabies

2. Head lice

134
Q

Helminthic Infections

A

Pinworms

135
Q

Isolation Precautions for Pinworms

A

Transmitted by fecal-oral route by contaminated hands, toys, bedding, clothing, toilet seats
** Standard Precautions

136
Q

S/Sx for Pinworms

A
  1. Anal itching, restlessness, weight loss
  2. Worms in the perianal region. Rarely seen in stool. Most easily viewed when child is sleeping. Can use transparent tape to view under a microscope.
137
Q

Pinworm Interventions

A
  1. Antihelmintic agents - Mebendazole, pyrantel pamoate, albendazole
  2. Education
138
Q

Education for Pinworms

A

Reinfections occurs easily, showers when infected (not baths), frequent changing of underclothes and bedding, personal hygiene - short fingernails, avoid scratching perianal area, avoid nail biting, hand hygiene, clean toilet seats daily, all family members should be treated (transmitted easily)

Sophomore 1 Test 4 (4 decks)

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