Infectious Disease

Question 1

Common Bacterial Pathogens - CNS/Meningitis

Answer 1

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Neisseria meningitidis
Haemophilus influenzae
Group B Streptococcus/E. coli (young)
Listeria (young/adult)

Question 2

Common Bacterial Pathogens - Upper Respiratory

Answer 2

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pyogenes
Haemophilus influenzae
Moraxella catarrhalis

Question 3

Common Bacterial Pathogens - Heart/Endocarditis

Answer 3

Staphylococcus aureus (including MRSA)
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Streptococci
Enterococci

Question 4

Common Bacterial Pathogens - Skin/Soft Tissue

Answer 4

Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pyogenes
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Pasteurella multocida +/- aerobic/anerobic GNR (in diabetes)

Question 5

Common Bacterial Pathogens - Bone/Joint

Answer 5

Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Streptococci
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
GNR (in select situations)

Question 6

Common Bacterial Pathogens - Mouth

Answer 6

Mouth flora (Peptostreptcoccus)
Anaerobic GNR (Prevotella, others)
Viridans group streptococci

Question 7

Common Bacterial Pathogens - Lower Respiratory (Community)

Answer 7

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Atypicals: Legionella, Mycoplasma, Chlamydophila
Enteric GNR (alcohol use disorder)

Question 8

Common Bacterial Pathogens - Lower Respiratory (Hospital)

Answer 8

Staphylococcus aureus (including MRSA)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Acinetobacter baumannii
Enteric GNR (including ESBL+, MDR)
Streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 9

Common Bacterial Pathogens - Urinary Tract

Answer 9

E. coli
Proteus
Klebsiella
Staphylococcus saphrophyticus
Enterococci

Question 10

Common Bacterial Pathogens - Intra-abdominal

Answer 10

Enteric GNR
Enterococci
Streptococci
Bacteroides species

Question 11

Gram + Color

Answer 11

Purple

Question 12

Gram - Color

Answer 12

Pink

Question 13

Atypical Color

Answer 13

None

Question 14

Gram + (Cocci)

Answer 14

Clusters: Staphylococcus spp.
Pairs/Chains: Streptococcus pneumoniae (diplococci), Streptococcus spp, Enterococcus spp.

Question 15

Gram + (Rods)

Answer 15

Listeria monocytogenes
Corynebacterium spp.

Question 16

Gram + (Anerobes)

Answer 16

Peptostreptococcus
Propionibacterium acnes
Clostridium dificile
Clostridium spp

Question 17

Gram - (Cocci)

Answer 17

Neisseria spp

Question 18

Gram - (Rods)

Answer 18

Enteric: Proteus mirabilis, E. coli, Klebsiella spp, Serratia spp, Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter spp

Non-Enteric: Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Haemophilus influenzae, Providencia spp

Curved: H. pylori, Campylobacter spp, Treponema spp, Borrella spp, Leptospira spp

Question 19

Gram - (Coccobacilli)

Answer 19

Acinetobacter baumannii
Bordatella pertussis
Moraxella catarrhalis

Question 20

Gram - (Anaerobes)

Answer 20

Bacteroides fragilis
Prevontella spp

Question 21

Atypicals

Answer 21

Chlamydia spp
Legionella spp
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 22

What is intrinsic resistance?

Answer 22

Resistance natural to the organism

Question 23

What is selection pressure?

Answer 23

When antibiotics kill off susceptible bacteria, leaving behind more resistant stains to multiply

Question 24

What is acquired resistance?

Answer 24

DNA containing resistant genes can be transferred between different species

Question 25

What is enzyme inactivation?

Answer 25

Enzymes produced by bacteria that break down the antibiotic

Question 26

What drugs have the highest risk of causing C. diff?

Answer 26

Broad spectum PCN
Cephalosporins
Quinolones
Carbapenems
Clindamycin (boxed warning)

Question 27

What drug ABX’s are hydrophilic?

Answer 27

Beta-lactams
Aminoglycosides
Vancomycin
Daptomycin
Polymixins

Question 28

What drug ABX’s are lipophilic?

Answer 28

Quinolones
Macrolides
Rifampin
Linezolid
Tetracyclines

Question 29

What effect do hydrophilic drugs have?

Answer 29

1. Small Vd = less tissue penetration
2. Mostly renal elimination
3. Low intracellular concentrations
4. Poor-Moderate bioavalibility

Question 30

What effect do lipophilic drugs have?

Answer 30

1. Large Vd = better tissue penetration
2. Mostly hepatically metabolized
3. High intracellular concentrations
4. Excellent bioavailability

Question 31

Beta Lactam ABX Classes

Answer 31

1. Penicillins
2. Cephalosporins
3. Carbapenems

Question 32

Beta Lactam MOA

Answer 32

Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to PBPs, preventing peptidoglycan synthesis in bacterial cell walls

Question 33

Natural PCN Activity

Answer 33

Gram positive cocci (streptococci and enterococci) and mouth flora

Question 34

Antistaphylococcal PCN Activity

Answer 34

Streptococci, MSSA

Question 35

Aminopenicillins PCN Activity

Answer 35

Streptococci, Enterococci, Mouth flora, Haemophilus, Neisseria, Proteus, E.Coli

Question 36

Aminopenicillins + Beta-lactamase Inihbitors PCN Activity

Answer 36

Streptococci, Enterococci, Mouth flora, HNPEK, MSSA, B. fragilis

Question 37

Extended Spectrum PCN + Beta-lactamase Inhibitor

Answer 37

Streptococci, Enterococci, Mouth flora, HNPEK, MSSA, B. fragilis, CAPES, Pseudomonas

Question 38

List the Natural PCNs

Answer 38

1. Penicillin V Potassium
2. Penicillin G Aqueous
3. Penicillin G Benzathine (Bicillin L-A)

Question 39

List the Antistaphylococcal PCNs

Answer 39

1. Dicloxacillin
2. Oxacillin
3. Nafcillin

Question 40

List the Aminopenicillins

Answer 40

1. Amoxicillin
2. Amoxicillin/Clavulanate (Augmentin)
3. Ampicillin
4. Ampicillin/Sulbactam (Unasyn)

Question 41

List the Extended Spectrum PCNs

Answer 41

1. Piperacillin/Tazobactam (Zosyn)