infectious disease

Question 1

adhesions

Answer 1

help pathogens stick and colonize tissues, both normal and pathogenic microbes have them

Question 1

what do pathogens have to allow them to cause disease and remain unrecognizable in the host?

Answer 1

virulence factors

Question 2

parasite

Answer 2

microbes that colonize the surface and infect the host

Question 3

endoparasite vs ectoparasite

Answer 3

endoparasite, colonize within the host
ectoparasite, colonize on the host surface

Question 4

why are not all infections considered a disease

Answer 4

the host needs to present symptoms based on disruption to the host structure or function to be considered a disease

Question 5

acute infection

Answer 5

symptoms present and decline quickly

Question 6

chronic infection

Answer 6

symptoms present quickly and are slow to decline

Question 7

latent infection

Answer 7

infection goes into a state of dormancy

Question 8

opportunistic infection

Answer 8

strikes only when the host is compromised

Question 9

what are the two main factors of pathogenicity?

Answer 9

1) virulence- how severely it infects
2) infectivity- how well it infects

Question 10

ID50 vs LD50

Answer 10

ID- how much it takes to infect 50%
LD-how much it takes to kill 50%
the higher the LD the lower the virulence, the lower the LD the higher the virulence

Question 11

invasion vs invasiveness
what always does invasion?

Answer 11

invasion is getting into a living cell and all intracellular pathogens do invasion
invasiveness is how well it can spread in the tissues

Question 12

what 3 things must happen to establish a successful infection?

Answer 12

1- attachment (adhesions)
2- immune avoidance (don’t get caught)
3- steal nutrients from the host (selective competition).

Question 13

infectious disease

Answer 13

disease that spreads from person to person

Question 14

signs

Answer 14

objective and measurable

Question 15

symptoms

Answer 15

subjective and felt by the patient

Question 16

sequelae

Answer 16

long term symptoms after the pathogen has exited

Question 17

five general stages of infection?

Answer 17

1- incubation
2- prodromal
3-illness
4-decline
5-convalescence

Question 18

bacteremia

Answer 18

bacteria in blood

Question 19

septicemia

Answer 19

bacteria in blood, replicating

Question 20

viremia

Answer 20

virus in blood

Question 21

toxemia

Answer 21

toxins in blood

Question 22

primary infection

Answer 22

infections in a previously healthy individual

Question 23

secondary infection

Answer 23

infection caused by a new organism when the body is weak, follows a primary infection

Question 24

latrogenic infection

Answer 24

healthcare worker to a patient

Question 25

nosocomial infection

Answer 25

hospital-acquired infection

Question 26

community-acquired infection

Answer 26

acquired within community (not the hospital)

Question 27

morbidity

Answer 27

rate of illness in a population due to a disease

Question 28

mortality

Answer 28

rate of death in a population due to disease

Question 29

what do epidemiologists uncover?

Answer 29

etiologic agents of disease, portal of pathogen entry, transmission modes, and rates, biosafety considerations, populations most vulnerable to disease

Question 30

horizontal transmission

Answer 30

most common form, spread from one person to another, either directly or indirectly (airborne, fomites, or vectors)

Question 31

compare direct and indirect horizontal transmission

Answer 31

direct: kiss hug
indirect: fomites, food, water, airborne droplets or aerosols

Question 32

vertical transmission

Answer 32

from parent to offspring (placental or breastfeeding)

Question 33

airborne vs fomite vs vector

Answer 33

airborne- respiratory droplets/aerosols
fomite- inanimate object
vector- arthropods or mechanical (needles)

Question 34

arthropod vectors

Answer 34

indirectly transmit pathogens through blood feedings they feed on the blood of an animal reservoir, become infected, and then maintain productive replication of the pathogen (ticks, flies, mosquitos)

Question 35

how does an arthropod spread disease

Answer 35

it needs to be actively replicating a pathogen

Question 36

what are the portals of entry?

Answer 36

1- fecal-oral
2- skin
3- respiratory
4- urogenital
5- parenteral (by injection)
6- eye

Question 37

what are the 8 standard precautions?

Answer 37

1 proper hand hygiene
2 ppe
3 respiratory/coughing hygiene
4 safe injection practices
5 handle sharps safely
6 patient isolation precautions
7 sterile instruments/devices
8 clean/disinfect environmental surfaces

Question 38

what is the purpose of biosafety levels and what are they from lowest to highest

Answer 38

for each infectious agent level determined by the CDC to contain/prevent lab personnel infection
BSL1-> BSL 2 -> BSL 3 -> BSL 4

Question 39

BSL 1

Answer 39

lowest level, little to no risk of disease (basic precautions)

Question 40

BSL 2

Answer 40

human pathogens causing mild disease (barrier precautions)

Question 41

BSL 3

Answer 41

human pathogens causing serious illness (separate rooms, ventilation, work done in biosafety cabinet)

Question 42

BSL 4

Answer 42

high virulence pathogens, pathogens where exposure can be lethal (separate facilities)

Question 43

host factors that affect vulnerability to infectious disease

Answer 43

age, host genetic makeup, pre-existing conditions, immune status/immunopathogenesis, host hygiene/behavior, nutrition/exercise, occupation

Question 44

endemic

Answer 44

regularly-occurring disease

Question 45

emerging pathogen

Answer 45

one that leads to rapid incidence of a disease in a population

Question 46

zoonotic

Answer 46

cross-species animals to humans

Question 47

epidemic

Answer 47

a pattern of disease characterized by both rapid incidence and widespread geographical distribution

Question 48

pandemic

Answer 48

worldwide epidemic