Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GI (Additional) > Infectious Diarrhea > Flashcards

Infectious Diarrhea Flashcards

1
Q

What is the #1 cause of acute viral gastroenteritis?

A

Norovirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How is acute viral gastroenteritis caused by norovirus treated?

A

Supportive care

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a long term post-infectious sequelae of norovirus infection?

A

post-viral gastroparesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Can norovirus cause chronic infection?

A

Apparently yes, looks like asymptomatic carriers can act as a reservoir

But usually, symptoms rapidly controlled within 48-72 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the most common cause of bacterial foodborne illness in the U.S>

A

Salmonella (S. enteriditis) a nontyphoidal infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the two distinct diseases of salmonella?

A

Outside of U.S. = typhoid fever

In U.S. = nontyphoidal infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How are nontyphoidal salmonella infections transmitted?

A

Food transmission (eggs, milk, meat, etc.)

Pet transmission (lizards, turtles, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the characteristic clinical presentation of typhoid fever?

A

Week 1: Stepwise fever and bradycardia

Week 2: Rose spots on abdomen + pain

Week 3: GI bleeding, perforation

Constipation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Do you treat salmonella with antibiotics?

A

Typhoid fever high mortality without antibiotics, must treat travelers

Non-typhoidal disease, no advantage to giving antibiotics because it is typically self limited (unless patient is very ill)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Can salmonella cause chronic infection?

A

In typhoid fever, it may persist in gallstones

In non-typhoidal disease not likely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the second most common food-borne bacterial infection in the U.S.

A

Campylobacter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What IBD can campylobacter mimic?

A

Crohn’s Disease since it starts in ileum/jejunum and comes to colon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are acute complications of campylobacter infection?

A

Pseudo-appendicitis in kids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are long term complications of campylobacter infection?

A

Reactive arthritis

Guillain-Barre polyneuropathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the most common cause of bloody diarrhea worldwide?

A

Shigella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the most important virulence factor of Shigella and why is it dangerous?

A

Shiga toxin –> can lead to HUS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is an E.Coli strain that also causes bloody diarrhea and HUS (very much like Shigella); what serotype is most recognized in U.S.

A

EHEC (Enterohemorrhagic E. Coli) aka O157:H7

Also produces shiga toxin as a virulence factor

18
Q

Are antibiotics used to treat EHEC infection?

A

NO. Antibiotics are contraindicated because there is higher risk of HUS with antibiotic use

19
Q

What triad of symptoms defines HUS

A

Acute renal failure

Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia

Thromboycytopenia

20
Q

How are ETEC and EPEC similar?

A

Both cause watery, non-bloody diarrhea in kinds in developing countries

21
Q

How does cholera toxin work to cause watery diarrhea?

A

B subunits bind to ganglioside receptor (GM1) on apical surface

A subunit enters and is cleaved into A1 and A1

A1 moves to basolateral membrane and irreversibly activates a g protein

Causes an increase in cAMP and increased Cl secretion (inhibition of NaCL transport)

Water follows ion efflux out of cell

22
Q

What are clinical manifestations of cholera?

A

Painless, rice-water stool with fishy smell = up to 1 liter/hour

23
Q

FACT: C. Difficile forms spores and is highly infectious

A

WASH HANDS WITH SOAP and WATER

24
Q

What are the two exotoxins required for pathogenicity in C. Diff and which is more potent?

A

Toxin A (enterotoxin) and Toxin B (cytotoxin)

B is more potent

25
Q

What are main clinical findings of C. Diff?

A

Watery diarrhea, abdominal cramping, fever, pseudomembranous colitis –> toxic megacolon

26
Q

What is treatment for C. Diff

A

Metronidazole
Oral Vancomycin
Fecal Microbial Transplant (FMT)

27
Q

How is Clostridium perfringens transmitted?

A

Food-borne –> germinates in contaminated meats

28
Q

What is the enterotoxin of Clostridium perfringens?

A

Enteritis necroticans (pigbel)

29
Q

What are risk factors for contracting Clostridium perfringens?

A

Consumption of pig guts (chitterlings)

Sweet potatoes

Antipsychotic drugs that decrease GI motility

30
Q

What do you need to know about bacteroides fragilis?

A

It has a similar presentation to C. Diff

31
Q

What are the two bacteria that are transmitted through pork (chitterlings)

A

Yersinia

Clostridium perfringens

32
Q

What are the two bacteria that can present as pseudoappendicitis?

A

Campylobacter and Yersinia

33
Q

What else comprises usual clinical presentation of Yersinia infection in children?

A 
Dysentery
Fever
Pharyngitis
NO abdominal pain
Pseudoappendicits
34
Q

Which bacteria most often infects pregnant women?

A

Listeria monocytogenes

primarily affects elderly, immunosuppressed, neonates

35
Q

What is bacillus cereus infection classically related to?

A

Contraction from reheated fried rice (it can survive in extreme temps.)

36
Q

What is the most common parasitic enteric pathogen in the U.S

A

Giardia lamblia

37
Q

What is giardia lamblia highly associated with?

A

Contaminated water

Most common in young children

38
Q

What are characteristic clinical presentations of giardia?

A

Foul-smelling, fatty stool, weight loss,

39
Q

What is the other common parasitic enteric pathogen?

A

Cryptosporidium (C. parvum is most common)

40
Q

What is the most common complication of cryptosporidium infection?

A

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (infection of biliary system which leads to strictures)

41
Q

What infectious entities should be considered with chronic diarrhea

A

Giardia, cryptosporidium, entamoeba

GI (Additional) (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions