Infectious Flashcards
- What are key principles of antibiotic stewardship in pediatric practice?
Stewardship: Use narrowest-spectrum drug, avoid unnecessary antibiotics (e.g., viral infections), dose appropriately, reassess regularly
- What are common antibiotic side effects in pediatrics?
Side effects: Diarrhea (e.g., amoxicillin), rash (e.g., penicillin), nephrotoxicity (aminoglycosides), teeth staining (tetracyclines)
- What is MIS-C and how is it related to COVID-19?
MIS-C: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children post-COVID-19
- Features: Persistent fever, inflammation, shock, organ dysfunction
- What are the complications of untreated Kawasaki disease?
Complications: Coronary artery aneurysms, myocarditis, arrhythmias, MI, sudden death
- What is the treatment protocol for Kawasaki disease?
IVIG 2 g/kg single dose + high-dose aspirin (30–50 mg/kg/day)
- Low-dose aspirin continued 6–8 weeks
- What are the diagnostic features and treatment of MIS-C?
Diagnosis: Elevated CRP, ESR, D-dimer, ferritin; echo abnormalities
- Treatment: IVIG, steroids, anticoagulation
- What are the TORCH infections and their common features?
TORCH: Toxoplasmosis, Others (syphilis, VZV, parvovirus), Rubella, CMV, HSV
- Features: IUGR, hepatosplenomegaly, rash, microcephaly
- What is the approach to occupational HIV exposure in adolescents?
HIV occupational exposure (e.g., needlestick in adolescent trainee): Begin 3-drug antiretroviral PEP within 72 hours, continue for 28 days
- Baseline and follow-up HIV testing at 6 weeks, 3 and 6 months
- How is congenital syphilis diagnosed and treated?
Diagnosis: Serology (RPR/VDRL), dark field microscopy, PCR
- Treatment: IV penicillin G for 10 days
- What are the typical features of congenital syphilis?
Features: Snuffles, rash, hepatosplenomegaly, pseudoparalysis, anemia, saddle nose, Hutchinson teeth (late)
- What is the approach to an infant born to an HIV-positive mother?
Approach: Start zidovudine within 6 hours, test with PCR at 14–21 days, 1–2 months, and 4–6 months
- Breastfeeding depends on maternal viral load
- What are the manifestations of congenital CMV infection?
Congenital CMV: Sensorineural hearing loss, petechiae, hepatosplenomegaly, intracranial calcifications (periventricular)
- What are the features and risks of congenital Zika virus infection?
Congenital Zika: Microcephaly, intracranial calcifications, seizures, arthrogryposis, eye defects
- Caused by maternal infection in pregnancy
- What is the first-line treatment for acute bacterial sinusitis?
Treatment: Amoxicillin-clavulanate for 10–14 days
- What are the most common causes of otitis media in children?
Most common: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis
- What are the clinical features and complications of otitis media?
Features: Fever, ear pain, bulging tympanic membrane
- Complications: Hearing loss, mastoiditis, perforation, meningitis
- What is the treatment of acute otitis media in children?
First-line: Amoxicillin (80–90 mg/kg/day)
- Treat if <2 years or severe symptoms; observe if mild and >2 years
- What are the signs and management of scarlet fever?
Scarlet fever: Sandpaper rash, strawberry tongue, fever, exudative pharyngitis
- Treat with penicillin for 10 days
- What is the treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis in children?
Treatment: Oral penicillin V or amoxicillin for 10 days
- Alternatives: Cephalexin, azithromycin (if allergic)
- What is the role of penicillin in rheumatic fever prophylaxis?
Penicillin G benzathine every 3–4 weeks
- Duration depends on presence of carditis and valve disease
- What are the common causes and signs of sinusitis in children?
Causes: S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis
- Signs: Nasal discharge >10 days, facial pain, fever, cough
- What are the common fungal infections in immunocompromised children?
Common: Candida, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus
- Present with persistent fever, pulmonary or CNS involvement
- What is the diagnosis and treatment of giardiasis in children?
Diagnosis: Stool microscopy or antigen test
- Treatment: Metronidazole or tinidazole
- What are the common intestinal parasites in children and their presentations?
Common parasites: Ascaris (obstruction), hookworm (anemia), Enterobius (perianal itch), Giardia (diarrhea)
- What are the key features of pediatric giardiasis?
Giardiasis: Chronic diarrhea, abdominal cramps, bloating, FTT, often from contaminated water
- What are the common causes and signs of viral gastroenteritis in children?
Causes: Rotavirus, norovirus, adenovirus, astrovirus
- Signs: Watery diarrhea, vomiting, fever, dehydration
- What are the clinical features and diagnosis of enteric (typhoid) fever in children?
Typhoid: Prolonged fever, abdominal pain, rose spots, hepatosplenomegaly, constipation or diarrhea
- What are the complications of typhoid fever?
Complications: Intestinal perforation, hemorrhage, encephalopathy, hepatitis, myocarditis
- What is the treatment of typhoid fever in pediatric patients?
Treatment: Azithromycin or ceftriaxone (based on resistance pattern)
- Ciprofloxacin used in older children/adults
- What are the common causes of acute bloody diarrhea in children?
Causes: Shigella, Salmonella, EHEC, Campylobacter, Entamoeba histolytica
- How is viral gastroenteritis managed in pediatric patients?
Management: Oral rehydration therapy (ORS), continued feeding, zinc supplementation
- Avoid antibiotics/antidiarrheals
- What are the complications of infectious mononucleosis?
Complications: Splenic rupture, airway obstruction, hepatitis, rash if given ampicillin
- What is the management of human and animal bite wounds in children?
Bite wounds: Wash thoroughly, tetanus prophylaxis, amoxicillin-clavulanate
- Assess for rabies exposure
- What are the risk factors and signs of infective endocarditis in children?
Risk: Congenital heart disease, indwelling catheters, prosthetic valves
- Signs: Fever, murmur, splenomegaly, petechiae, emboli
- What is the treatment of infective endocarditis in pediatrics?
Treatment: High-dose IV antibiotics for 4–6 weeks (e.g., vancomycin + gentamicin), surgery if complications
- What is Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) and how is it treated in children?
C. difficile: Diarrhea after antibiotics
- Diagnosis: Stool toxin or PCR
- Treatment: Oral vancomycin or metronidazole (mild cases)
- What are the signs and management of neonatal herpes simplex virus infection?
Neonatal HSV: Localized (skin/eye/mouth), CNS (encephalitis), disseminated
- Treat with IV acyclovir 14–21 days
- How is parvovirus B19 infection diagnosed and what are its complications?
Parvovirus B19: Slapped cheek rash, arthropathy
- Complications: Aplastic crisis in hemolytic anemia, fetal hydrops
- How is shigellosis diagnosed and treated in children?
Shigellosis: High fever, bloody diarrhea, seizures (neurotoxin effect)
- Diagnosis: Stool culture
- Treat with azithromycin or ceftriaxone
- What are the signs of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in immunocompetent vs immunocompromised children?
CMV: Mild or asymptomatic in healthy child
- Immunocompromised: Pneumonitis, colitis, retinitis
- Treat with ganciclovir
- What is the presentation and treatment of pediatric brucellosis?
Brucellosis: Fever, joint pain, hepatosplenomegaly, fatigue
- Treat with rifampicin + doxycycline or TMP-SMX (age-based)
- What is rotavirus and how can it be prevented?
Rotavirus: Leading cause of severe diarrhea in infants
- Prevent with live oral rotavirus vaccine (given at 6 & 10 weeks)
- What are the causes and signs of neonatal conjunctivitis?
Causes: Chemical (1st day), gonococcal (2–5 days), chlamydia (5–14 days), HSV
- Signs: Discharge, conjunctival swelling
- How is gonococcal conjunctivitis in neonates treated?
Treatment: IV or IM ceftriaxone + saline irrigation
- Prevent with prophylactic eye ointment at birth
- What are the classic features of pertussis (whooping cough)?
Pertussis: Catarrhal → paroxysmal cough with whoop → convalescence
- Post-tussive vomiting common
- What is the role of prophylaxis in immunosuppressed children (e.g., post-transplant)?
Prophylaxis: TMP-SMX (Pneumocystis), acyclovir (HSV), fluconazole (fungal), vaccines pre-transplant
- What are the signs and management of invasive candidiasis?
Candidiasis: Fever, sepsis, hepatosplenic abscess
- Treat with amphotericin B or fluconazole
- What are the clinical signs of serious bacterial infection in neonates?
Signs: Lethargy, poor feeding, temperature instability, apnea, irritability, hypotonia, bulging fontanelle
- What is the presentation of epiglottitis and its urgent management?
Epiglottitis: Sudden fever, drooling, tripod position, muffled voice
- Secure airway + IV ceftriaxone
- What is the management of suspected HSV encephalitis in children?
Management: IV acyclovir (10–20 mg/kg q8h), supportive care, MRI and CSF PCR for HSV
- What is Whipple disease in children and how does it present?
Whipple disease: Rare chronic infection (Tropheryma whipplei)
- Pediatric features: Chronic diarrhea, arthralgia, weight loss, lymphadenopathy, neurologic signs
- Diagnosis: PAS-positive macrophages in small intestine biopsy
- Treat with long-term antibiotics (ceftriaxone then TMP-SMX)
- What is the recommended treatment for pertussis in children?
Treatment: Azithromycin or clarithromycin (macrolides)
- Treat close contacts as well
- What is the link between EBV and pediatric malignancies?
EBV: Linked to Burkitt lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD)
- What are the features and transmission of Hepatitis A and E in children?
Hep A & E: Fecal-oral spread, usually self-limited hepatitis with jaundice, fever
- Hep E more severe in pregnancy
- What are the side effects of isoniazid and rifampicin?
INH: Hepatitis, peripheral neuropathy
- RIF: Hepatitis, orange secretions, drug interactions
- What is Lemierre’s syndrome and how does it present in adolescents?
Lemierre’s: Septic thrombophlebitis of internal jugular vein post-pharyngitis (usually Fusobacterium necrophorum)
- Features: Fever, neck pain, swelling, septic emboli to lungs
- Treat with IV antibiotics ± anticoagulation
- What is the presentation and treatment of tetanus in children?
Tetanus: Trismus, opisthotonus, spasms
- Treat with TIG + metronidazole + supportive care
- Prevent with DTaP vaccine
- What are the clinical features of diphtheria and how is it treated?
Diphtheria: Gray pseudomembrane in throat, cervical LAD, myocarditis
- Treatment: Antitoxin + penicillin or erythromycin
- What is hand-foot-and-mouth disease and its clinical features?
HFMD: Fever, painful oral ulcers, vesicles on hands/feet/buttocks
- Caused by coxsackievirus A16
- What are the features of erythema infectiosum (fifth disease)?
Fifth disease: Caused by parvovirus B19
- Slapped cheek rash followed by lacy body rash; may cause fetal hydrops in pregnancy
- What are the key features of Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) infection?
Hib: Causes epiglottitis, meningitis, pneumonia, septic arthritis
- Preventable with conjugate vaccine
- What are the signs and management of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection?
EBV: Fever, pharyngitis, lymphadenopathy, fatigue, hepatosplenomegaly
- Treat supportively; avoid contact sports
- What is hyperinfection syndrome in strongyloidiasis?
Hyperinfection: Disseminated strongyloides in immunosuppressed (e.g., steroids, transplant)
- Causes sepsis, ARDS, high mortality
- Treat with ivermectin
- What are Koplik spots and when do they appear?
Koplik spots: Bluish-white lesions on buccal mucosa, appear 1–2 days before rash
- What is the approach to prolonged fever or fatigue post-COVID in children?
Post-COVID: Fatigue, headache, palpitations, joint pain, sleep issues lasting >4 weeks
- Management: Supportive, screen for MIS-C if red flags
- What is strongyloidiasis and how does it present in children?
Strongyloidiasis: GI symptoms (abdominal pain, diarrhea), urticaria, eosinophilia
- Acquired from contaminated soil (larvae penetrate skin)
- What is the difference between bacterial and atypical mycobacterial lymphadenitis?
Bacterial: Acute, tender, red, responsive to antibiotics
- Atypical: Subacute, non-tender, violaceous, surgical excision often needed
- What are the signs of possible primary immunodeficiency in children?
Red flags: ≥8 ear infections/year, ≥2 pneumonias/year, poor wound healing, FTT, need for IV antibiotics, family history
- What are the signs of disseminated BCG disease and its significance?
Signs: Generalized lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, osteomyelitis post-BCG vaccine
- Suggests severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)
- How does cervical lymphadenitis present and what are its common causes?
Presentation: Unilateral tender neck swelling, fever
- Causes: Staph aureus, Strep pyogenes, atypical mycobacteria
- What are the common pathogens causing viral meningitis in children?
Common pathogens: Enteroviruses (coxsackie, echovirus), HSV-2, mumps, arboviruses
- What are the typical CSF findings in bacterial vs viral meningitis?
Bacterial: ↑WBC (neutrophils), ↓glucose, ↑protein, positive Gram stain
- Viral: ↑WBC (lymphocytes), normal glucose, mildly ↑protein
- What are the complications of bacterial meningitis in children?
Complications: Hearing loss, hydrocephalus, cerebral abscess, seizures, developmental delay
- What is the empirical antibiotic therapy for pediatric meningitis (1 month–5 years)?
Empiric therapy: Ceftriaxone + vancomycin
- Add dexamethasone if Hib suspected
- How is bacterial meningitis diagnosed in children?
Diagnosis: Lumbar puncture—CSF analysis (WBC, glucose, protein), Gram stain, culture
- Blood cultures also important
- What is the most common cause of meningitis in infants under 3 months?
Common cause: Group B Streptococcus, E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes
- What are the PEP options for influenza exposure in high-risk pediatric contacts?
Influenza PEP: Oseltamivir (3 mg/kg BID for 10 days) for high-risk exposed children <48 hours post-exposure
- Especially if immunocompromised, <5 yrs, or chronic conditions
- What is post-exposure prophylaxis for hepatitis B in newborns?
Newborn: If mother HBsAg-positive → HBIG + HBV vaccine within 12 hours of birth
- What is the post-exposure prophylaxis protocol for meningococcal exposure in pediatrics?
Meningococcal PEP: Rifampin (10 mg/kg q12h x 2 days), ciprofloxacin (age ≥1 month), or ceftriaxone IM (125 mg <15 yrs, 250 mg ≥15 yrs)
- Indicated for close contacts, household, daycare
- What is the post-exposure prophylaxis for hepatitis A in children?
Hepatitis A PEP: Give single dose of HAV vaccine within 2 weeks if child ≥1 year
- For <12 months or immunocompromised: Hepatitis A immunoglobulin (IG)
- What is the PEP protocol for pertussis exposure in pediatric contacts?
Pertussis PEP: Give macrolide (azithromycin x 5 days) to all close contacts regardless of age/vaccine status
- Most effective if within 21 days of cough onset in index case
- What is the rabies PEP protocol for partially vaccinated or unvaccinated children?
Rabies PEP: Immediate wound cleaning + 4-dose vaccine (days 0, 3, 7, 14)
- Plus RIG (rabies immunoglobulin) infiltrated at wound site if not previously vaccinated
- What are the WHO classifications of pneumonia in children?
WHO: No pneumonia (cough/cold), pneumonia (fast breathing), severe pneumonia (chest indrawing), very severe (danger signs)
- What is the first-line antibiotic for community-acquired pneumonia in children over 3 months?
First-line: Amoxicillin
- If atypical suspected: Add azithromycin
- What are danger signs in a child with pneumonia requiring urgent referral?
Danger signs: Inability to drink, convulsions, lethargy, stridor in calm child, severe malnutrition
- What are the clinical signs of pneumonia in children?
Signs: Cough, fever, tachypnea, chest retractions, decreased breath sounds, crackles, hypoxia
- What is the management of fast-breathing pneumonia per WHO guidelines?
Fast-breathing pneumonia: Oral amoxicillin for 5 days, follow-up in 2 days
- Ensure feeding and oxygen saturation
- What are the criteria for toxic shock syndrome (TSS) in pediatrics?
TSS: Fever, hypotension, rash, multi-organ involvement (GI, renal, hepatic, CNS), desquamation later
- What is the management of septic shock in children?
Management: Fluid bolus (10–20 mL/kg), broad-spectrum antibiotics, vasopressors (if fluid refractory), oxygen, ICU
- What are the diagnostic criteria for pediatric sepsis and septic shock?
Sepsis: Suspected infection + systemic signs (tachycardia, fever, leukocytosis)
- Shock: Hypotension + perfusion failure despite fluids
- What are the causes and signs of sepsis in older infants and children?
Causes: Bacterial (meningococcus, pneumococcus), viral, fungal, malaria
- Signs: Fever, tachycardia, altered sensorium, poor perfusion
- What is the treatment of toxic shock syndrome in children?
Treatment: Fluids, clindamycin + vancomycin (± IVIG), ICU support
- What are the common causes of fever without focus in infants under 3 months?
Common causes: Group B Streptococcus, E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes, enteroviruses, HSV
- What are the causes and approach to fever of unknown origin (FUO) in children?
FUO: >38.3°C for >8 days without diagnosis
- Causes: Infections (TB, EBV), autoimmune, malignancy, Kawasaki
- Workup: CBC, cultures, ESR, imaging
- How is congenital toxoplasmosis diagnosed and treated?
Diagnosis: IgM + PCR from CSF/urine
- Treatment: Pyrimethamine + sulfadiazine + leucovorin for 1 year
- What is the empirical antibiotic therapy for neonatal sepsis?
Empirical therapy: Ampicillin + gentamicin or cefotaxime (avoid ceftriaxone in neonates)
- What are the diagnostic criteria for Kawasaki disease?
Fever ≥5 days + 4 of: bilateral conjunctivitis, oral changes, rash, extremity changes, cervical lymphadenopathy
- What are the diagnostic criteria for rheumatic fever?
Jones criteria: 2 major or 1 major + 2 minor + evidence of strep infection
- Major: Carditis, polyarthritis, chorea, rash, nodules
- What is the approach to fever without source in infants 1–3 months?
Infants 1–3 months: Stratify by risk (Rochester/Boston criteria), consider labs, urine/csf studies; admit if toxic or <1 month
- What is the approach to fever without source in neonates (0–28 days)?
Neonates: Full sepsis workup (CBC, CRP, blood/urine/csf cultures), hospital admission, IV antibiotics
- What is the most common cause of sepsis in neonates?
Most common: Group B Streptococcus, followed by E. coli, Listeria
- What is the management of pediatric patients exposed to rabies?
Rabies PEP: Immediate wound cleaning, rabies vaccine (days 0, 3, 7, 14), rabies immunoglobulin (category III exposure)
- What is the treatment of uncomplicated and severe malaria in children?
Treatment: Uncomplicated: Artemisinin combination therapy (ACT)
- Severe: IV artesunate or quinine, supportive care
- How is Zika virus diagnosed and managed in neonates?
Diagnosis: Zika PCR or IgM from serum/CSF, maternal travel history
- No specific treatment; supportive care and neurodevelopmental follow-up
- What are the clinical features and management of leishmaniasis in children?
Leishmaniasis: Visceral form (kala-azar) with fever, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly
- Treat with amphotericin B or miltefosine
- What is cat scratch disease and how is it managed?
Cat scratch: Bartonella henselae
- Local lymphadenopathy, mild fever
- Usually self-limited; treat severe cases with azithromycin
- What is the approach to suspected malaria in a febrile child returning from an endemic area?
Approach: Check thick/thin smear or rapid diagnostic test
- Symptoms: Fever, chills, hepatosplenomegaly, anemia
- Always rule out malaria in febrile child from endemic area
- What are the common signs and complications of severe pediatric malaria?
Severe malaria: Altered consciousness, seizures, severe anemia, acidosis, hypoglycemia, respiratory distress
- What are the clinical features of tuberculosis in children?
TB: Chronic cough, weight loss, fever, night sweats, lymphadenopathy, hilar nodes on CXR
- How is latent tuberculosis infection diagnosed in pediatrics?
Diagnosis: Tuberculin skin test (TST) or interferon gamma release assay (IGRA), no symptoms, normal CXR
- What is the treatment of latent TB in children?
Latent TB: Isoniazid daily for 6–9 months
- Alternatively, rifampin for 4 months
- What is the standard treatment for active TB in children?
Active TB: Isoniazid + rifampicin + pyrazinamide ± ethambutol for 2 months, then INH + RIF for 4 months
- What is the difference between droplet, airborne, and contact precautions in pediatric infection control?
Droplet: >5 µm, mask needed (e.g., flu)
- Airborne: <5 µm, N95 + negative room (e.g., TB, measles)
- Contact: Gloves/gown (e.g., MRSA, RSV)
- What infection control precautions are necessary for hospitalized children with infectious diseases?
Precautions: Hand hygiene, cohorting, PPE use, isolation for airborne (e.g., TB, measles), droplet (e.g., flu), contact (e.g., RSV)
- What vaccines are live attenuated and given in routine pediatric schedule?
Live attenuated: MMR, varicella, oral polio (OPV), rotavirus, intranasal influenza, yellow fever (non-routine)
- What are the causes of recurrent UTI in children?
Causes: Vesicoureteral reflux, constipation, neurogenic bladder, poor hygiene, dysfunctional voiding
- What is the role of renal ultrasound and VCUG after pediatric UTI?
Renal US: Detects anomalies (hydronephrosis)
- VCUG: Identifies vesicoureteral reflux
- DMSA: Detects scarring
- What are the signs and management of pyelonephritis in children?
Pyelonephritis: Fever, flank pain, vomiting, leukocytosis
- Treat with IV antibiotics (ceftriaxone, cefotaxime) then oral
- What is the treatment of uncomplicated UTI in pediatric patients?
Uncomplicated UTI: Oral cephalexin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, or TMP-SMX for 7–10 days
- What investigations are done after a febrile UTI in a young child?
Investigations: Renal US (all <2 years), VCUG if abnormal US or recurrent infections, DMSA for renal scarring
- What are the contraindications to live vaccines in children?
Contraindications: Severe immunosuppression, pregnancy (for some), allergy to vaccine components
- What are the components of the pentavalent vaccine used in infancy?
Pentavalent: DTP + Hib + Hepatitis B
- Given at 6, 10, 14 weeks
- What is diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTaP) vaccine schedule in children?
DTaP: Given at 6, 10, 14 weeks; booster at 15–18 months and 4–6 years
- Part of EPI schedule
- What are the challenges of vaccination in refugee or displaced pediatric populations?
Challenges: Incomplete vaccination, lack of records, cold chain issues, missed boosters
- Use catch-up schedule per WHO/EPI guidelines
- What is the vaccine schedule for immunocompromised children?
Schedule: Inactivated vaccines given on time
- Live vaccines delayed or contraindicated depending on immune status
- What live vaccines are contraindicated in immunocompromised children?
Contraindicated: MMR, varicella, oral polio, intranasal influenza (if severely immunocompromised)
- What is the clinical presentation of measles?
Measles: Cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, Koplik spots, followed by maculopapular rash spreading cephalocaudally
- What are the common viral exanthems in children and their distinguishing features?
Exanthems: Measles (Koplik spots, 3 Cs), Rubella (mild, postauricular nodes), Roseola (high fever, then rash), Erythema infectiosum (slapped cheek)
- What is the treatment of varicella in immunocompetent vs immunocompromised children?
Immunocompetent: Supportive ± acyclovir if early or >12 years
- Immunocompromised: IV acyclovir
- How is rubella differentiated from measles?
Rubella: Milder rash, posterior auricular lymphadenopathy, shorter duration, no Koplik spots
- What are the clinical features and diagnosis of roseola infantum?
Roseola: Sudden high fever for 3–5 days, followed by a pink maculopapular rash as fever resolves
- Caused by HHV-6
- What is the role of rubella vaccination in pregnancy planning?
Women of childbearing age should be vaccinated before pregnancy (live vaccine contraindicated in pregnancy)
- What is the presentation of varicella (chickenpox) in children?
Varicella: Fever, malaise, vesicular rash in various stages (macule → papule → vesicle → crust)
- Starts on trunk, spreads outward
- What is the post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for varicella in susceptible children?
Varicella PEP: Give varicella vaccine within 3–5 days if ≥12 months and immunocompetent
- If immunocompromised or <1 year: Varicella-zoster immunoglobulin (VZIG) within 10 days
- What is the clinical presentation of congenital rubella syndrome?
Rubella: Congenital cataracts, sensorineural hearing loss, PDA, blueberry muffin rash, IUGR
- What is the PEP recommendation for measles exposure in children?
Measles PEP: MMR vaccine within 72 hours for eligible contacts
- Immunoglobulin within 6 days for immunocompromised, pregnant women, or infants <6 months
- What are the signs and complications of mumps in children?
Mumps: Parotitis, fever, malaise
- Complications: Orchitis, meningitis, pancreatitis, deafness
- What are the adverse effects of MMR vaccine?
MMR: Fever, rash, febrile seizures (rare), transient thrombocytopenia, lymphadenopathy
- What are the complications of measles infection?
Complications: Otitis media, pneumonia, encephalitis, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)
- What are complications of varicella infection?
Complications: Bacterial superinfection, pneumonia, cerebellitis, hepatitis, thrombocytopenia, congenital varicella
