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MICI module 1 > Infections (skin,RTI,GI) > Flashcards

Infections (skin,RTI,GI) Flashcards

1
Q

What bacteria commonly infect skin, soft tissues and bones?

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pyogenes
Anaerobes

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2
Q

Describe normal skin flora

A

Mosy gram positice bacteria
Staphylococcus spp.
corynebacterium spp.
Cutibacterium acne

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3
Q

Describe staphylococcus species

A

Grape like sphericle clusters
Gram POSITIVE cocci
Catalase POSITIVE
All staphylococcus aureus are coagulase POSITIVE

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4
Q

Describe staphylococcus aureus virulence factors

A

Produces toxins that break down red blood cells
Coagulase
Hemolysins
Enterotoxins (GI toxins)
Pyrogenic toxins
Exfolactins (kill and slough off skin cells)
Some isolates are resistant to antibiotics

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5
Q

Describe streptococcus species

A

Spherical chains
Gram POSITIVE
Classified by ability to product hemolysins (alpha, beta, gamma)

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6
Q

Describe hemolysins

A 
Alpha: PARTIAL hemolysis of RBC
Alpha includes streptococcus pneumoniae
Beta: COMPLETE hemolysis of RBC
Beta includes streptococcus pyrogenes
Gamma: NO hemolysis of RBC
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7
Q

Describe streptococcus pyrogenes

A

Group A classification
Gram POSITIVE
Beta hemolysis
Does NOT produce catalase or coagulase but is an aggressive organism

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8
Q

What streptococcus bacteria produce alpha hemolysis

A

Viridians strep & S. Pneumoniae

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9
Q

What streptococcus bacteria producse beta hemolysis?

A

S. Agalactiae & S. Pyrogenes

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10
Q

Streptococcus are catalase ___________

A

Negative

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11
Q

Staphylococcus are catalase ___________

A

Positive

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12
Q

What staphylococcus bacteria is coagulase negative?

A

S. Epidermidis

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13
Q

What staphylococcus bacteria are coagulase positibe

A

S. Aureus ONLY

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14
Q

Describe anaerobes

A

Bacteeia which grow in the ABSENCE of oxygen
2 types:
Facultative (s.aureus & e.coli)
Obligate
Commonly found as normal flora in mourh and bowel but can infect necrotic skin and tissues

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15
Q

What are some anaerobic gram positive Baccili

A

Clostridium perfringens and C. Difficile

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16
Q

What are some gram negative anaerobic bacilli

A

Bacteroides fragilis and fusobacterium spp.

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17
Q

What are vesicles

A

Small, fluid filled lesions in the epidermis (chicken pox, herpes simplex, shingles)

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18
Q

What are bullae

A

Larger, fluid filled lesions in the epidermis that may pop. Usually caused my staphylococcus

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19
Q

Describe macules

A

Flat, reddish lesion from inflammatory infiltrate that are sometimes infectious

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20
Q

What causes folliculitis

A

S. Aureus

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21
Q

What is impetigo

A

Vesicular, later crushed honey like, superficial infection of the skin
Caused by S. Pyrogenes and S. Aureus

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22
Q

Describe cellulitis

A

Acute spreading infection of tbe smkn extending to involve the subcutaneous tissues
Caused by S. Aureus, S. Pyrogenes and anaerobes

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23
Q

Describe erysipelas

A

A distinctive type of superficial cellulitis of the skin with prominent lymphatic involvment
Caused by S. Pyrogenes

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24
Q

What are some complications of skin diseases?

A

Furuncle: deep inflammatory nodule usually developed from folloculitus (S. Aureus)
Carbuncle: more extensive than furuncle with involvment of subcutaneous fat (S. Aureus)
Staphylococcal TSS (S. Aureus)
Scalded skin syndrome: wide spread bullae and exfoliation from S. Aureus producinf exfoliative exotoxin

25
Describe necrotizing fasciitis
Severe infection involving subcutaneous soft tissue | Usually caused by S. Pyrogenes, C. Perfringens & mixed anaerobic and aerobic bacteria
26
What are some predispositions for necrotizing faciitis
Diabetes, abdominal surgery, perineal infection and trauma
27
How is necrotizing faciitis treated?
Surgical debridement, antibiotics and sometimes immunoglobulins
28
What is myositis
Infection of the skeletal myscle | Caused by S. Aureus and S. Pyrogenes
29
What is Gas Gangrene?
Rapidly progressive, life threatening, toxemic infection of skeleral muscle due to clostridia C. Perfringens
30
What is septic arthritis
Infection of joint spaces | Caused by S. Aureus. streptococcus spp., GRAM NEGATIVE BACILLI
31
What is osteomyelitis
Infection of the bone caused by S. Aureus, S pyrogenes H. Influenzae GRAM NEGATIVE BACILLI
32
What organisms are typically involved in diabetic foot infection
S. Aureus, group B streptococcus, corynebacterium spp. GRAM NEGATIVE BACILLI Anaerobes
33
What are normal flora in the oral cavity?
Gram negative coccobacilli, anaerobes
34
What happens if there is no acid production in the stomach
Fecal flora found
35
What are normal flora in the small bowel/colon
Fecal flora (mixed gram negative rods), enterococci, large numbee of both gram negative and positive anaerobes
36
Describe helicobacter pylori
Causes Infection in the stomach, microaerophilic spiral gram negative rod, very fastidious Route of transmission not well defined Causes gastritis, can lead to ulcers and stomach cancer
37
How is helicobacter pylori infection detected
Detected by histology, antigen detection in stool or culture of stomach biopsy Treated with antibiotics
38
What are the 2 types of food poisoning
Performed toxin ingested | Organisms ingested and initiate infection and make toxin
39
What causes food poisoning
Staphylococcus aureus Bacillus cereus (associated with recooked rice) Clostridium perfringens (diarrhea) Botulism (neurotoxin)
40
Describe GI infection with non toxin producer
Bowel wall may be coated with organisms to prevent absorption of nurtients Malabsorption can lead to bulky stool (beaver fever or giardia)
41
Describe infection worh superficial invasion or gut wall destruction
Bowel wall gets damaged and causes ulcers in areas of invasion, and bleeds Diarrhea passed in small vokumes blood And pus may be present Mediated by CYTOTOXIC toxins Toxin damages cells Concern of colon ballooning
42
What organisms Are involved in superficial invasion
E. Coli, enterohaemorrhagic e. Coli, shingella species | Clostridium difficile
43
Describe e. Coli 0157 & Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli
Toxin which attacks the colon and kidney after absorption into body Acquired from food especially undercooked hamburger, unpasteurized milk and contaminated food
44
What symptoms to E. coli 0157 and Enterohemorrhagic e. Coli cause
Diarrhea, abdominal pain, hemorrhagic colitis (passing blood per rectum) Antibiotics can not be used to treat as they will cause toxin release
45
Describe Shigella spp.
4 species with the most severe being S. Dysenteriae Poor sewage disposal Low infective dose Can be in food and water Cytotoxic toxins produced with superficial invasion thay can lead to diarrhea/dysentery, antibiotics are a useful trearment here!
46
Describe clostridioides difficile
Anaerobic gram positibe rod which forms spores Most common agent causing infective diarrhea in hospitals Can cause colonic distention and rupture Treated with antibiotics
47
Describe campylobacter spp.
2 common species of microaerophilic curved rods that produce toxins Usuakly acquired from poorly cooked poultry, unpasteurized milk, water and pets Causes severe diarrhea that can lead to dehydration
48
How do you treat campylobacter spp.
Usually settles without therapy but can be treated with erythimycin if severe
49
Describe salmonella spp.
>2500 serotyoes Acquired from poorly cooked poultry, eggs, pet reptiles, contaminated food, water Diarreha can be bloody, may lead to invasive disease (enteric fever)
50
What causes typhoid and enteric fever
S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi
51
How are salmonella infections treated
If mild antibiotics, can be risk of chronic carriage of the organism, not treated if there is a risk of invasive infection
52
Describe yersinia enterocolitica
Coliform associated with pigs Slow growing and able to grow at refrigerator temperature Abdominal pain mimicking appendicitis and diarrhea present Antibiotics can treat here for severe cases
53
What is an intra abdominal infection?
Infection of the normally sterile abdominal cavity that causes Inflammation of the peritoneum (perionitis)
54
Describe causes of intra abdominal infection
Release of fecal flora into abdominal cavity | Organisms involved typically a mixture of anaerobic and aerobics and sometimes yeast
55
Describe mono microbial peritonitis
A single species infects the peritoneum (s. Pneumoniae, M. Tuberculosis) Complication of perironeal dialysis
56
What are common organisms causing diarreah in canada
``` Clostridioides Salmonella E.coli 0157 Shingella Yersinia Campylobacter ```
57
How is community acquired enteric illness diagnosed
Stool sent using enteric transport medium for culture | This preserves the stool and allows pathogens to survibe
58
How is hospital acquired enteric illness diagnosed
For detection of C. Difficile should be sent for toxin detection, or pcr for toxin genes

MICI module 1 (4 decks)

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