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MICI module 1 > Infections (skin,RTI,GI) > Flashcards

Infections (skin,RTI,GI) Flashcards

1
Q

What bacteria commonly infect skin, soft tissues and bones?

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pyogenes
Anaerobes

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2
Q

Describe normal skin flora

A

Mosy gram positice bacteria
Staphylococcus spp.
corynebacterium spp.
Cutibacterium acne

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3
Q

Describe staphylococcus species

A

Grape like sphericle clusters
Gram POSITIVE cocci
Catalase POSITIVE
All staphylococcus aureus are coagulase POSITIVE

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4
Q

Describe staphylococcus aureus virulence factors

A

Produces toxins that break down red blood cells
Coagulase
Hemolysins
Enterotoxins (GI toxins)
Pyrogenic toxins
Exfolactins (kill and slough off skin cells)
Some isolates are resistant to antibiotics

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5
Q

Describe streptococcus species

A

Spherical chains
Gram POSITIVE
Classified by ability to product hemolysins (alpha, beta, gamma)

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6
Q

Describe hemolysins

A 
Alpha: PARTIAL hemolysis of RBC
Alpha includes streptococcus pneumoniae
Beta: COMPLETE hemolysis of RBC
Beta includes streptococcus pyrogenes
Gamma: NO hemolysis of RBC
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7
Q

Describe streptococcus pyrogenes

A

Group A classification
Gram POSITIVE
Beta hemolysis
Does NOT produce catalase or coagulase but is an aggressive organism

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8
Q

What streptococcus bacteria produce alpha hemolysis

A

Viridians strep & S. Pneumoniae

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9
Q

What streptococcus bacteria producse beta hemolysis?

A

S. Agalactiae & S. Pyrogenes

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10
Q

Streptococcus are catalase ___________

A

Negative

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11
Q

Staphylococcus are catalase ___________

A

Positive

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12
Q

What staphylococcus bacteria is coagulase negative?

A

S. Epidermidis

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13
Q

What staphylococcus bacteria are coagulase positibe

A

S. Aureus ONLY

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14
Q

Describe anaerobes

A

Bacteeia which grow in the ABSENCE of oxygen
2 types:
Facultative (s.aureus & e.coli)
Obligate
Commonly found as normal flora in mourh and bowel but can infect necrotic skin and tissues

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15
Q

What are some anaerobic gram positive Baccili

A

Clostridium perfringens and C. Difficile

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16
Q

What are some gram negative anaerobic bacilli

A

Bacteroides fragilis and fusobacterium spp.

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17
Q

What are vesicles

A

Small, fluid filled lesions in the epidermis (chicken pox, herpes simplex, shingles)

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18
Q

What are bullae

A

Larger, fluid filled lesions in the epidermis that may pop. Usually caused my staphylococcus

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19
Q

Describe macules

A

Flat, reddish lesion from inflammatory infiltrate that are sometimes infectious

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20
Q

What causes folliculitis

A

S. Aureus

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21
Q

What is impetigo

A

Vesicular, later crushed honey like, superficial infection of the skin
Caused by S. Pyrogenes and S. Aureus

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22
Q

Describe cellulitis

A

Acute spreading infection of tbe smkn extending to involve the subcutaneous tissues
Caused by S. Aureus, S. Pyrogenes and anaerobes

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23
Q

Describe erysipelas

A

A distinctive type of superficial cellulitis of the skin with prominent lymphatic involvment
Caused by S. Pyrogenes

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24
Q

What are some complications of skin diseases?

A

Furuncle: deep inflammatory nodule usually developed from folloculitus (S. Aureus)
Carbuncle: more extensive than furuncle with involvment of subcutaneous fat (S. Aureus)
Staphylococcal TSS (S. Aureus)
Scalded skin syndrome: wide spread bullae and exfoliation from S. Aureus producinf exfoliative exotoxin

25
Q

Describe necrotizing fasciitis

A

Severe infection involving subcutaneous soft tissue

Usually caused by S. Pyrogenes, C. Perfringens & mixed anaerobic and aerobic bacteria

26
Q

What are some predispositions for necrotizing faciitis

A

Diabetes, abdominal surgery, perineal infection and trauma

27
Q

How is necrotizing faciitis treated?

A

Surgical debridement, antibiotics and sometimes immunoglobulins

28
Q

What is myositis

A

Infection of the skeletal myscle

Caused by S. Aureus and S. Pyrogenes

29
Q

What is Gas Gangrene?

A

Rapidly progressive, life threatening, toxemic infection of skeleral muscle due to clostridia
C. Perfringens

30
Q

What is septic arthritis

A

Infection of joint spaces

Caused by S. Aureus. streptococcus spp., GRAM NEGATIVE BACILLI

31
Q

What is osteomyelitis

A

Infection of the bone caused by S. Aureus, S pyrogenes H. Influenzae
GRAM NEGATIVE BACILLI

32
Q

What organisms are typically involved in diabetic foot infection

A

S. Aureus, group B streptococcus, corynebacterium spp.
GRAM NEGATIVE BACILLI
Anaerobes

33
Q

What are normal flora in the oral cavity?

A

Gram negative coccobacilli, anaerobes

34
Q

What happens if there is no acid production in the stomach

A

Fecal flora found

35
Q

What are normal flora in the small bowel/colon

A

Fecal flora (mixed gram negative rods), enterococci, large numbee of both gram negative and positive anaerobes

36
Q

Describe helicobacter pylori

A

Causes Infection in the stomach, microaerophilic spiral gram negative rod, very fastidious
Route of transmission not well defined
Causes gastritis, can lead to ulcers and stomach cancer

37
Q

How is helicobacter pylori infection detected

A

Detected by histology, antigen detection in stool or culture of stomach biopsy
Treated with antibiotics

38
Q

What are the 2 types of food poisoning

A

Performed toxin ingested

Organisms ingested and initiate infection and make toxin

39
Q

What causes food poisoning

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Bacillus cereus (associated with recooked rice)
Clostridium perfringens (diarrhea)
Botulism (neurotoxin)

40
Q

Describe GI infection with non toxin producer

A

Bowel wall may be coated with organisms to prevent absorption of nurtients
Malabsorption can lead to bulky stool (beaver fever or giardia)

41
Q

Describe infection worh superficial invasion or gut wall destruction

A

Bowel wall gets damaged and causes ulcers in areas of invasion, and bleeds
Diarrhea passed in small vokumes blood And pus may be present

Mediated by CYTOTOXIC toxins
Toxin damages cells
Concern of colon ballooning

42
Q

What organisms Are involved in superficial invasion

A

E. Coli, enterohaemorrhagic e. Coli, shingella species

Clostridium difficile

43
Q

Describe e. Coli 0157 & Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli

A

Toxin which attacks the colon and kidney after absorption into body
Acquired from food especially undercooked hamburger, unpasteurized milk and contaminated food

44
Q

What symptoms to E. coli 0157 and Enterohemorrhagic e. Coli cause

A

Diarrhea, abdominal pain, hemorrhagic colitis (passing blood per rectum)
Antibiotics can not be used to treat as they will cause toxin release

45
Q

Describe Shigella spp.

A

4 species with the most severe being S. Dysenteriae
Poor sewage disposal
Low infective dose
Can be in food and water
Cytotoxic toxins produced with superficial invasion thay can lead to diarrhea/dysentery, antibiotics are a useful trearment here!

46
Q

Describe clostridioides difficile

A

Anaerobic gram positibe rod which forms spores
Most common agent causing infective diarrhea in hospitals
Can cause colonic distention and rupture
Treated with antibiotics

47
Q

Describe campylobacter spp.

A

2 common species of microaerophilic curved rods that produce toxins
Usuakly acquired from poorly cooked poultry, unpasteurized milk, water and pets
Causes severe diarrhea that can lead to dehydration

48
Q

How do you treat campylobacter spp.

A

Usually settles without therapy but can be treated with erythimycin if severe

49
Q

Describe salmonella spp.

A

> 2500 serotyoes
Acquired from poorly cooked poultry, eggs, pet reptiles, contaminated food, water
Diarreha can be bloody, may lead to invasive disease (enteric fever)

50
Q

What causes typhoid and enteric fever

A

S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi

51
Q

How are salmonella infections treated

A

If mild antibiotics, can be risk of chronic carriage of the organism, not treated if there is a risk of invasive infection

52
Q

Describe yersinia enterocolitica

A

Coliform associated with pigs
Slow growing and able to grow at refrigerator temperature
Abdominal pain mimicking appendicitis and diarrhea present
Antibiotics can treat here for severe cases

53
Q

What is an intra abdominal infection?

A

Infection of the normally sterile abdominal cavity that causes Inflammation of the peritoneum (perionitis)

54
Q

Describe causes of intra abdominal infection

A

Release of fecal flora into abdominal cavity

Organisms involved typically a mixture of anaerobic and aerobics and sometimes yeast

55
Q

Describe mono microbial peritonitis

A

A single species infects the peritoneum (s. Pneumoniae, M. Tuberculosis)
Complication of perironeal dialysis

56
Q

What are common organisms causing diarreah in canada

A 
Clostridioides
Salmonella 
E.coli 0157
Shingella 
Yersinia 
Campylobacter
57
Q

How is community acquired enteric illness diagnosed

A

Stool sent using enteric transport medium for culture

This preserves the stool and allows pathogens to survibe

58
Q

How is hospital acquired enteric illness diagnosed

A

For detection of C. Difficile should be sent for toxin detection, or pcr for toxin genes

MICI module 1 (4 decks)

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