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CRRAB II Week 6 > Infections of Lower Respiratory Tract - PPT > Flashcards

Infections of Lower Respiratory Tract - PPT Flashcards

1
Q

What are lower respiratory tract (LRT) diseases?

A
  • Bronchitis
  • Bronchiolitis
  • Pneumonia (pertussis, influenza)
  • Tuberculosis
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2
Q

What pathogens cause bronchitis?

A

Mainly viral infections, bacterial secondary infections possible (many types), common cold viruses and the flu virus are most likely causative micro-organisms

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3
Q

What pathogens cause Bronchiolitis?

A

Viral infections of infants (RSV)

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4
Q

What pathogens cause Influenza?

A

Viral infection that can lead to pneumonia through a bacterial secondary infection (Influenza A, B and C. Important bacterial secondary infections include those of S. aureus, H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae and S. pyogenes)

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5
Q

What pathogens cause Pertussis?

A

Whooping cough - bacterial infection (more than 90% of cases are caused by B. pertussis)

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6
Q

What pathogens cause pneumonia?

A

Widely varying causes that can be categorized many ways (can be caused by viruses - more common in children, bacteria or fungi)

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7
Q

What does Bronchitis present with?

A
  • Cough
  • Fever
  • Chest pain
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8
Q

What do patients have prior to the onset of Bronchitis?

A

It is typical to have signs of the common cold.

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9
Q

What does a CXR of Bronchitis reveal?

A

Does not reveal consolidations or infiltrates!

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10
Q

How does Bronchitis occur?

A

It usually occurs after viral URI that has extended down the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles —> leads to a hacking cough with some sputum production

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11
Q

How do you diagnose Bronchitis?

A

Based on clinical signs and symptoms.

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12
Q

How do you distinguish Bronchitis from Pneumonia?

A

Chest X-ray needed for differentiation. No consolidations or infiltrates are shown in Bronchitis (they ARE shown in pneumonia).

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13
Q

When is bacterial identification important in Bronchitis?

A

When condition lasts longer than 14 days, along with fever and purulent sputum. Bacterial identification can be important along with antibiotic treatment.

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14
Q

What antibiotics are often used for bacterial bronchitis?

A

Erythromycin or Azithromycin

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15
Q

What six viruses and two bacteria cause most Bronchitis?

A
  • Rhinovirus
  • Paramyxovirus (Parainfluenza virus)
  • Respiratory Syncytial Virus
  • Influenza Virus A, B, C
  • Coxsackievirus A and B
  • Mastadenovirus (Adenovirus)
  • Mycoplasma pneumoniae
  • Chlamydia pneumoniae
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16
Q

What age groups is Bronchitis most common in?

A

Children and the elderly

17
Q

What structures does Bronchitis involve?

A

Inflammation of trachea and bronchi (does not involve the alveoli)

18
Q

What condition do you also treat with Erythromycin or Azithromycin?

A

Bacterial sinusitis!

19
Q

What are the three most common causes of a foot and sole rash?

A
  • Syphilis
  • RMSF
  • Coxsackievirus
20
Q

What are the most common causes of aseptic meningitis?

A
  • Coxsackievirus
  • Echovirus
  • Mumps virus
21
Q

What are the most common causes of atypical pneumonia?

A
  • Mycoplasma
  • Legionella
  • Chlamydia
  • Viruses
22
Q

Where does Chlamydiae replicate?

A

Within inclusion bodies!

23
Q

What are two obligate intracellular parasites (require hose ATP for energy)?

A
  • Chlamydiae

- Rickettsiae

24
Q

What are the most common causes of pneumonia in adults (18-40 years)?

A
  • Mycoplasma
  • C. pneumoniae
  • S. pneumoniae
25
Q

What is diagnosis of Bronchiolitis based upon?

A

Clinical signs and symptoms.

26
Q

What is needed to distinguish between Bronchiolitis and Pneumonia?

A

CXR needed to rule out Pneumonia.

27
Q

What diagnostic testing could be appropriate for Bronchiolitis?

A

Antigen testing for RSV.

28
Q

What might patients with Bronchiolitis require?

A

Oxygen

29
Q

What can be given to high risk patients with Bronchiolitis?

A

Passive immunization with anti-RSV antibodies.

30
Q

What age group is Bronchiolitis most common in?

A

Typically a disease of infants younger than one year of age due to their narrow, developing airways!

31
Q

What typically precedes Bronchiolitis?

A

Minor viral URI/prior cold

32
Q

What is Bronchiolitis?

A

Inflamamtion of the bronchial tree as low as the bronchioles - not alveoli involvement!

33
Q

What is the MOST COMMON cause of Bronchiolitis?

A

Respiratory Syncytial Virus

34
Q

What is the most common cause of pneumonia in young children?

A
  • RSV

- Parainfluenza virus

35
Q

What are the most common causes of conjunctivitis?

A
  1. H. influenza
  2. Adenoviruses
  3. S. pneumoniae

CRRAB II Week 6 (9 decks)

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