Infections of Lower Respiratory Tract - PPT Flashcards
What are lower respiratory tract (LRT) diseases?
- Bronchitis
- Bronchiolitis
- Pneumonia (pertussis, influenza)
- Tuberculosis
What pathogens cause bronchitis?
Mainly viral infections, bacterial secondary infections possible (many types), common cold viruses and the flu virus are most likely causative micro-organisms
What pathogens cause Bronchiolitis?
Viral infections of infants (RSV)
What pathogens cause Influenza?
Viral infection that can lead to pneumonia through a bacterial secondary infection (Influenza A, B and C. Important bacterial secondary infections include those of S. aureus, H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae and S. pyogenes)
What pathogens cause Pertussis?
Whooping cough - bacterial infection (more than 90% of cases are caused by B. pertussis)
What pathogens cause pneumonia?
Widely varying causes that can be categorized many ways (can be caused by viruses - more common in children, bacteria or fungi)
What does Bronchitis present with?
- Cough
- Fever
- Chest pain
What do patients have prior to the onset of Bronchitis?
It is typical to have signs of the common cold.
What does a CXR of Bronchitis reveal?
Does not reveal consolidations or infiltrates!
How does Bronchitis occur?
It usually occurs after viral URI that has extended down the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles —> leads to a hacking cough with some sputum production
How do you diagnose Bronchitis?
Based on clinical signs and symptoms.
How do you distinguish Bronchitis from Pneumonia?
Chest X-ray needed for differentiation. No consolidations or infiltrates are shown in Bronchitis (they ARE shown in pneumonia).
When is bacterial identification important in Bronchitis?
When condition lasts longer than 14 days, along with fever and purulent sputum. Bacterial identification can be important along with antibiotic treatment.
What antibiotics are often used for bacterial bronchitis?
Erythromycin or Azithromycin
What six viruses and two bacteria cause most Bronchitis?
- Rhinovirus
- Paramyxovirus (Parainfluenza virus)
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus
- Influenza Virus A, B, C
- Coxsackievirus A and B
- Mastadenovirus (Adenovirus)
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae
- Chlamydia pneumoniae
What age groups is Bronchitis most common in?
Children and the elderly
What structures does Bronchitis involve?
Inflammation of trachea and bronchi (does not involve the alveoli)
What condition do you also treat with Erythromycin or Azithromycin?
Bacterial sinusitis!
What are the three most common causes of a foot and sole rash?
- Syphilis
- RMSF
- Coxsackievirus
What are the most common causes of aseptic meningitis?
- Coxsackievirus
- Echovirus
- Mumps virus
What are the most common causes of atypical pneumonia?
- Mycoplasma
- Legionella
- Chlamydia
- Viruses
Where does Chlamydiae replicate?
Within inclusion bodies!
What are two obligate intracellular parasites (require hose ATP for energy)?
- Chlamydiae
- Rickettsiae
What are the most common causes of pneumonia in adults (18-40 years)?
- Mycoplasma
- C. pneumoniae
- S. pneumoniae
