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Microbiology and Infection FoM > Infections and Superbugs > Flashcards

Infections and Superbugs Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the different types of microorganisms?

A
  • Bacteria
  • Viruses
  • Fungi
  • Protozoa
  • Helminths
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2
Q

Describe bacteria

A
  • Prokaryotic DNA (no nucleus) and circular DNA
  • Highly abundant
  • Found in soil, water, plants and animals
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3
Q

Describe viruses

A
  • Smaller than bacteria
  • Obligate intracellular (cannot survive outside host)
  • DNA or RNA- no replication mechanism
  • Humans have 3000 genes and HIV has 10 genes
  • They have a protein coat and maybe envelope- no nucleus
  • Found in animals and humans
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4
Q

Describe fungi

A
  • Eukaryotes
  • Multi or unicellular
  • Cell walls contain chitin
  • Found in soil, animals and humans
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5
Q

Describe protozoa

A
  • Eukaryotic, unicellular animals
  • Motile
  • Found in water and animals
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6
Q

Describe helminths

A
  • Worms
  • Eukaryotic parasites
  • Found in soil water and animas
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7
Q

Define pathogen

A

Organism that causes or is capable of causing disease

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8
Q

Define commensal

A

Organism that colonises host but normally does not cause disease (symbiotic relationship)

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9
Q

Define opportunist pathogen

A

Microbe that only causes disease if host defence is compromised (i.e. vulnerable people)

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10
Q

Define virulence/pathogenicity

A

Degree to which a given organism is pathogenic (ebola and cholera have high virulence)

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11
Q

Define asymptomatic carriage

A

When a phone is carried harmlessly at a tissue site where it causes no disease (vaccination to reduce asymptomatic carriage)

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12
Q

Define pathobiont

A

Potentially pathological which lives as a non-harming symbiont

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13
Q

Define tropism

A

When an organism is able to attach itself to tissue

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14
Q

What are the different routes of acquisition and transmission?

A
  • Skin
  • Airway
  • Alimentary tract
  • Genital tract
  • Inoculated into blood
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15
Q

What microbes can be transmitted via skin?

A

Bacteria, fungi, virus and helminths

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16
Q

What microbes can be transmitted via airway?

A

Bacteria, fungi and viruses

17
Q

What microbes can be transmitted via alimentary tract?

A

(usually leads to diarrhoea)

Bacteria, viruses, helminths and protozoa

18
Q

What microbes can be transmitted via genital tract?

A

Bacteria, viruses and protozoa

19
Q

What microbes can be transmitted through inoculation into blood

A

Bacteria, viruses and protozoa

20
Q

Describe bacterial nomenclature

A

Genus, species

21
Q

What are current mega problems

A

HIV, malaria, tuberculosis, antibiotic-resistant bacteria, hospital associated infections, respiratory viruses, viral haemorrhage fever and Zika virus

22
Q

What does flora mean?

A

Bacteria

23
Q

What does a gram stain tell us about bacteria?

A

Blue- gram positive- thick cell wall made of peptidoglycan

Pink- gram negative- bacteria held together by lipopolysaccharide

24
Q

Why are peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide harmful?

A

They are detected by the immune system because they are not found in animals, therefore they can cause sepsis

25
Q

What are the two shapes of bacteria?

A
  • Rods and cocci
  • Cocci are small and round
  • Rods can be spiral (spirochete) or curved (vibrio)
26
Q

What is the Ziehl-Neelsen stain used for?

A
  • Pink stain that tests for mycobacteria (genus that causes disease)
  • Acid is added to sample and mycobacteria holds pink stain (acid fast bacillae)
27
Q

What are the features of an ideal bacterial environment?

A
  • Temperature- 80 (120 for spores)
  • pH- 4-9
  • Water- 2 hours-3 months (>50 years for spores)
  • Bacterial growth is exponential
  • Dislike UV light
28
Q

What are endotoxins?

A

Component of the outer membrane of the bacterium

29
Q

What are exotoxins?

A

Secreted proteins of gram positive and gram negative bacteria (e.g. tetanus toxin inhibits nervous system)

Microbiology and Infection FoM (9 decks)

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