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patho > infections and defects in defence > Flashcards

infections and defects in defence Flashcards

1
Q

factors influencing infection

A
  1. communicability
  2. infectivity
  3. virulence
  4. toxigenicity
  5. portal of entry
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2
Q

communicability

A

ability to spread from one individual to others and cause disease

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3
Q

virulence

A

severity or harmfulness of a disease or poison

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4
Q

toxigenicity

A

ability to produce toxins (this is turn has a great influence on pathogen’s virulence)

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5
Q

portal of entry

A

the route by which a pathogen infects a host
- direct contact
- inhalation
- ingestion
- vectors (bites of an animal or insect)

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6
Q

bacterial diseases characteristics

A
  • prokaryotes (lack a discrete nucleus - nothing encapsulating DNA)
  • can be aerobic or anaerobic
  • have a cell wall that encloses them
  • can be gram positive or negative
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7
Q

2 main factors that make gram negative more difficult to defeat than gram positive

A
  1. outer membrane (peptidoglycan 2 layers)
  2. porin channels (protein gates to keep things out)
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8
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A
  • life threatening
  • a major cause of nosocomial infections
  • is common on normal skin and nasal passages
  • has virulent (harmful) abilities:
    1. produces a protein that blocks the complement attack of the body
    2. avoids innate immunity by producing inhibitors that avoid recognition
    3. when engulfed by phagocyte, they resist lysosome by changin chemistry of their cell walls
    4. resists the actions of many antibiotics
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9
Q

toxin production

A
  1. exotoxin:
    - released from inside of the pathogen
    - it release enzymes that damage host cell plasma membranes or inactivate enzymes critical to protein synthesis
  2. endotoxin
    - release from the outer capsule
    - activate the inflammatory response and produce a fever
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10
Q

bacteremia (presence of) and septicemia (growth)

A
  • result in the defense of mechanism failure
  • endotoxins: activate inflammatory response
  • activate complement and clotting systems with results like: increased capillary permeability, large volumes of plasma into surrounding tissues, hypotension
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11
Q

viral disease characteristics

A
  • most common affliction of humans
  • replication requires entry into host cell
  • simple organism: DNA/RNA surrounded by capsid and perhaps an envelope
  • they are self-limiting
  • transmission: aerosol, infected blood, sexual contact, vector (tick, mosquito, etc)
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12
Q

cytopathic effects of viruses

cytopathic: causing damage to living cells

A
  • inhibits host cell DNA or RNA synthesis
  • cause the release of lysosomes into host cell, killing cell
  • fusion of host cells into multicellular giant cell
  • alteration of host cells antigen properties = immune system attacks own cells
  • transforming host cells into cancerous cells = uninhibited growth
  • utilization of host cell resources
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13
Q

influenza

A

highly contagious viral infection of the respiratory passages
- antigenic variation: the ability to change viral antigen (protein spikes) yearly
- antigens are utilized to activate adaptive immune response
- have the ability to change the adaptive immune response (change the T cells/B cells)
- ex. SARS-CoV-2 virus (COVID)

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14
Q

fungal infections characteristics

A
  • large eukaryotes with thick, rigid cell walls
  • resist penicillin (bc penicillin comes from a natural form of fungi)
  • exists as single cells called yeasts or multicellular molds
  • reproduction is simple division or budding
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15
Q

mycoses

A

diseases caused by fungi

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16
Q

dermatophytes

A

fungi that invade skin, hair, or nails
- diseases they produce are called “tineas” (tinea capitis - scalp)

17
Q

pathogenicity of fungal infection

A
  • adapt to host environment (vide variations)
  • suppress immune defenses
  • low WBC count promotes fungal infection
18
Q

candidas albicans

A
  • most common cause of fungal infections
  • found in normal skin microbiome, Gi tract, and vagina of many individuals (don’t want it to get past mucus layer)
  • most common fungal infections in cancer patients and transplantations
  • disseminated (spreading) infection in immunocompromised may involve deep infection and has high mortality rates
  • death rate of disseminated candidiasis is 30-40%
19
Q

parasitic infection

A

from unicellular protozoa to large worms (helminths - flukes, nematodes, tapeworms)
- spread human-human by vectors (ticks, mosquitoes, etc) or by ingestion (contaminated food or water)
- cause tissue damage due to toxin or inflammatory/immune response

20
Q

Plasmodium (malaria)

A

parasite
- effects RBC
- causes anemia (in 28-72 hrs)
- RBC release cytokines (TNF-a and IL-1) which results in fever, chills, and vomiting

21
Q

countermeasures

A
  1. antibiotics
  2. antimicrobials
  3. vaccines
  4. toxoids
  5. passive immunotherapy
  6. safeguards
22
Q

problems of antibiotics and antimicrobials

A

antibiotic resistance

23
Q

what caused a rise in antibiotic resistance

A
  1. lack of compliance with therapeutic regiment (not using antibiotics for the prescribed duration it leaves some microbes alive and then causing a repopulation of the resistant pathogens)
  2. overuse of antibiotics (destruction of the normal microbiome = opens space for more infections and resistant pathogens)
24
Q

antibiotics

A

antibiotics: natural products of fungi, bacteria, or other microorganisms that affect the growth of specific organisms

25
Q

antimicrobials

A

antimicrobials:
- bacterials: agents that kills other microorganisms
- bacteriostatic: agent that inhibits growth of other microorganisms

26
Q

vaccines

A

biological preparation of weakened (attenuated) pr dead (inactivated) pathogens

27
Q

vaccine process

A
  • adaptive response usually requires 2 weeks to activate
  • vaccine (containing the pathogen antigen) allows this two week period to be performed against non-viral pathogen
  • when infection by the viral pathogen occurs, adaptive immunity already is prepared (no two week delay)
  • herd immunity requires 85% of population to be immunized
28
Q

vaccine mixture

A

DTaP vaccine: fights diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis

29
Q

toxoids

A

chemically altered pathogen toxin injected into body
- allows the body to learn to defeat the pathogen’s toxin

30
Q

passive immunotherapy

A

preformed antibodies (against a pathogen) are given to an individual
- human immunoglobulins are derived and given to humans (antibodies that are obtained from a pathogen survivor)
- this method is becoming a focus after antibiotic resistance

31
Q

safe guards

A

prevention methods that help fight and limit the spread of infectious disease
- hand hygiene
- proper sanitary disposal
- water treatment (prevent contamination)
- sanitary food transportation, preparation, and serving
- control of insect vectors (draining standing water, mosquito eradication programs)
- support of research

32
Q
A

patho (4 decks)

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