Infections

Question 1

Meningococcal sepsis
Virulence factors: Lipopolysaccharide
Commensal of the nasopharynx

Answer 1

Neisseria meningitidis

Question 2

UTIs, Peritonitis, neonatal meningitidis

Commensal at the colon (fecal - perineal route)

Answer 2

Escherichia coli

Question 3

Commensal of the skin
MRSA
Skin abscess

Answer 3

Staphylococcus aureus

Question 4

Commensal of the skin

Forms slime - very difficult to remove

Answer 4

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Question 5

Group A, B - haemolytic
Common cause of bacterial pharyngitis/tonsillitis
Virulence factors
- Hyaluronic acid capsule
- M protein
- Streptokinase (breaks down blood clots)

Answer 5

Streptococcus pyogenes

Question 6

Commensal at the colon
Associated with antibiotic usage
Sporulating - very difficult to remove 
Virulence factors:
- Toxin A (enterotoxin) - diarrhoea 
- Toxin B (cytotoxin)

Answer 6

Clostridium difficile

Question 7

Community acquired pneumonia
Polysaccharide capsule
Encapsulated

Answer 7

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 8

Oral commensal
Alpha haemolytic usually
Tooth decay
Bacterial endocarditis

Answer 8

Viridans streptococci

Question 9

Associated with children and pneumonia

Nasopharyngeal commensal in certain disease free individuals

Answer 9

Haemophilus influenzae

Question 10

Causes typhoid or enteric fever
Travel related infection (fecal-oral route)
Drinking contaminated water

Answer 10

Salmonella typhi

Question 11

Causes legionnaire’s disease or legionellosis
Air droplet mode of transmission
Causes acute lobar pneumonia

Answer 11

Legionella pneumophila

Question 12

Double stranded DNA, enveloped virus
Infects B cells
Splenomegaly
Cold like symptoms 
Gastric lymphoma
Burkit’s lymphoma

Answer 12

Epstein-Barr virus

Question 13

First presentation as chickenpox
Enveloped double stranded DNA virus
Reappears as shingles on a single dermatome
Immunocompromised

Answer 13

Varicella zoster

Question 14

Double stranded DNA
Enveloped
Fatigue; loss of appetite; abdominal pain; nausea
Jaundice
Blood-borne virus 
6 weeks - 6 months
After 6 months chronic infection
ALT; ALP; bilirubin all raised

Answer 14

Hepatitis B

Question 15

Blood borne viruses
80% chronically infected
Mostly asymptomatic
- fatigue, anorexia, nausea, abdominal pain

Answer 15

Hepatitis C

Question 16

Single stranded RNA, enveloped, retrovirus

Opportunistic illnesses:

• oral candidiasis
• kaposis sarcoma
• pneumocystis pneumonia

Answer 16

HIV

Question 17

Double stranded DNA, non-enveloped
Replicates in endothelial cells
Conjunctivitis, sore throat, fever, cough

Answer 17

Adenovirus

Question 18

Winter vomiting bug
Single stranded RNA, non-enveloped
Fecal - oral route, low viral load required to cause infection

Answer 18

Norovirus

Question 19

Parasite
Hepatomegaly and splenomegaly
(RBC destruction -> increased bilirubin and thus Jaundice)

Answer 19

Plasmodium falciparum

Question 20

Fungi - mould
Opportunistic infection
Commensal of vagina, mouth

Answer 20

Candida albicans

Question 21

Fungi
Acute infection of the lungs
Opportunistic

Answer 21

Aspergillous

Question 22

Severe inflammation of dermal and subcutaneous layers of skin
Bacteria enter break/crack in skin

Answer 22

Cellulitis

Question 23

Peritonsillar abscess
Rheumatic fever
Necrotising fasciitis
Erysipelas

Answer 23

Tonsillitis

Streptococcus pyogenes

Question 24

Pneumonia, intra abdominal
Urinary sepsis
Skin and soft tissue infections

Affects CVS, resp, CNS, liver, GI tract
Normal immune response becomes exaggerated so patient is damaged by own immune system

Answer 24

Sepsis - Neisseria meningitidis

- gram -ve diplococci

Question 25

Female Dysuria - pain when passing urine Polyuria Commensal of the colon displaced Nitrates found in urine Fecal contamination or direct contact

Answer 25

UTI - E.Coli | Gram -ve rods

Question 26

``` Commensal in vaginal flora Yeast overgrowth Vaginal thrush Itching and burning pain White discharge ```

Answer 26

UTI 2 | Candida Albicans

Question 27

Varicella zoster reactivation Usually latent in ganglia of cutaneous nerves 1 in 5 childhood reactivation

Answer 27

Shingles

Question 28

``` Gram -ve coccbacilli Nasopharyngeal commensal in some Opportunistic infection Mostly associated with children Cough up sputum ```

Answer 28

Pneumonia - Haemophilus influenzae

Question 29

``` Gram +ve bacilli Anaerobes Minor component of normal flora at colon Associated with antibiotic usage Sporulating - resistant to heat/acid/antibiotics Identified through stools ```

Answer 29

Profuse Diarrhoea - Clostridium difficille

Question 30

``` Gram +ve cocci in chains Commensalism of the mouth Upper right sterna border at the 2nd right intercostal space Systolic murmur Poor state of teeth Vegetation growth ```

Answer 30

Aortic valve stenosis/Endocarditis - Viridans streptococci

Question 31

Bronchitis

Answer 31

Streptococcus pneumoniae Haemophilus influenzae Moraxella catarrhalis