infection prevention and control

Question 1

Infection control

Answer 1

aims to reduce and prevent transmission of organisms/ infections and diseases

Question 2

4 Routes of transmission

Answer 2

Direct, indirect, droplet, aerosol

Question 3

Indirect

Answer 3

contact with contaminated object
ex. instruments, equipment, environmental surfaces

Question 4

droplet

Answer 4

contact of oral, nasal, or conjunctiva mucosa via splatter/spray of microorganisms from infected person
ex. sneezing, coughing, talking

Question 5

direct

Answer 5

direct physical contact with blood, oral fluids, patient materials
ex. use of same gloves between clients

Question 6

Aerosol

Answer 6

• particles of respirable size generated by humans and environmental sources
• can remain viable and airborne for extended periods in indoor environments

ex. ultrasonic instruments, water/air syringe, handpieces

Question 7

portal of entry

Answer 7

through which pathogen enters host

Question 8

ASTM LVL 3 mask

Answer 8

max level of
fluid resistance,
bacterial and particulate filtration efficiency,
breathing resistance

Question 9

5 disease transmission factors

Answer 9

1. Nature of microorganisms
2. sources
3. Infectious agents
4. Primary routes of transmission
5. Host susceptibility

Question 10

standard precautions

Answer 10

Infection control practices by which health care providers follow the same infection control protocols for every client

Question 11

transmission-based precautions

Answer 11

When the routes of transmission are not interrupted completely using standard precautions alone

Question 12

engineering controls

Answer 12

devices or equipment that reduce or eliminate a hazard

Question 13

workplace controls

Answer 13

precautionary measures that reduce likelihood of exposure to blood-borne pathogens by altering the way a task or procedure is performed

Question 14

critical

Answer 14

penetrate soft tissue or bone

Periodontal probes, explorers, curette, scaling and root planning instruments, ultrasonic tip

heat sterilized between each use, or discarded

Question 15

semi-critical

Answer 15

contact oral fluids, don’t penetrate soft tissue or bone

oral photography retractors, digital x ray sensor, Mouth mirrors, ultrasonic scaling handpieces, impression trays

heat sterilized between each use, or high level disinfectants

Question 16

non-critical

Answer 16

instrument devices that come into contact only with skin

BP cuffs, stethoscope, Xray head, light handles, high and low volume evacuators, tubing for handpieces, instrument trays, countertops, chair surfaces

low-intermediate level disinfectant

Question 17

3 infectious agent types

Answer 17

1. Viral agents
2. Fungal Agents
3. Bacterial agents

Question 18

viral agents

Answer 18

Hepatitis, Herpes, HIV, HPV, Measles, Respiratory Diseases (COVID-19)

Question 19

fungal agents

Answer 19

Candidiasis

Question 20

bacterial agents

Answer 20

Gonorrhea, Legionella, Pneumonia, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Syphilis, Tetanus, TB

Question 21

4 principles of infection control

Answer 21

1. take action to stay healthy
2. avoid contact with blood and infectious body substances
3. make client care items safe for use
4. limit the spread of blood and infectious body substances

Question 21

5 chain of infection conditions

Answer 21

1. pathogenic microrganism
2. reservoir of source
3. mode of transmission
4. portal of entry
5. susceptible host

Question 22

cleaning/sanitizing

Answer 22

• removes soil, foreign material, large organisms
• done prior to disinfection

non-critical items
use low-level disinfectant (alcohol wipes)

Question 23

disinfecting

Answer 23

done after cleaning
destroys most pathogens (not spores, TB, non-lipid viruses)

semi-critical items
use high-level disinfectant

Question 24

sterilizing

Answer 24

done after cleaning destroys all forms of microbial life (spores included) critical and (some) semi-critical items use sterilizing unit

Question 25

4 actions to stay healthy

Answer 25

1. Immunizations 2. Education and training 3. Hand hygiene 4. Post-exposure management

Question 26

Avoid contact with blood & other infectious body substances (2)

Answer 26

1. PPE 2. Safe handling of sharp instruments

Question 27

Make client care items safe for use (2)

Answer 27

1. Cleaning, disinfection, sterilization of reusable client care items such as instruments, devices, and equipment 2. appropriate containment and disposal of single use items

Question 28

Limit the spread of blood & other infectious body substances (2)

Answer 28

minimize cross contamination by: 1. environmental infection control 2. Effective management of regulated waste

Question 29

microbicidal agents

Answer 29

germicides, biocides, microbicides are disinfectants or antiseptics that kill microbes bactericidal agents specifically kill bacteria (not necessarily bacterial endospores)

Question 30

microbistatic agents

Answer 30

inhibits metabolism and reproduction of microorganisms, but doesn't necessarily kill them lypophilization, rapid freezing (liquid nitrogen) preserve microbes

Question 31

Opportunistic pathogens

Answer 31

don't cause diseases under ordinary conditions, but have the potential to cause disease should the opportunity present itself eg. indigenous microbiota displacement, immunocompromised person

Question 32

obligate aerobe

Answer 32

organisms that require oxygen to survive

Question 33

obligate anaerobe

Answer 33

can't grow in presence of oxygen

Question 34

aerotolerant anaerobe

Answer 34

organism that doesn't require oxygen for growth but can tolerate its presence

Question 35

facultative anaerobe

Answer 35

organisms which can survive in both oxygenated and deoxygenated environments

Question 36

Asepsis

Answer 36

absence of pathogens

Question 37

aseptic technique

Answer 37

practices that prevent microbial contamination (medical or surgical) eg. hand hygiene, PPE, environmental cleaning, proper handling of sterile instruments, wrapping and sterilization, etc.

Question 38

antiseptic

Answer 38

prevention of infection

Question 39

antiseptic technique (type of aseptic technique)

Answer 39

using antiseptics to prevent harmful microbes from entering into surgical field or contaminating clients

Question 40

decontamination

Answer 40

number of processes generally involving cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization of an object to remove contaminants (microorganisms) to make that object safe that it no longer poses a risk

Question 41

cleaning

Answer 41

removal of organic debris by scrubbing manually with surfactant, detergent, and water or by an automated process (ultrasonic cleaner with cleaning solution) low level disinfectant, soap and water intermediate level (visible blood)

Question 42

disinfection

Answer 42

process that kills most pathogenic microorganisms, rarely kills bacterial spores via pasteurization, disinfectants

Question 43

pasteurization

Answer 43

method of disinfecting liquids (not all microbes are destroyed)

Question 44

sanitization

Answer 44

reduction of microbial populations to levels considered safe by public health standards

Question 45

lypophilization

Answer 45

process that combines dehydration (drying) and freezing freeze drying

Question 46

sterilization

Question 47

bowie dick test

Question 48

chemical indicators

Question 49

mechanical indicators

Question 50

biological indicators

Question 51

contact time

Answer 51

amount of time disinfectant needs to be in contact with organisms to kill all pathogens listed on product label

Question 52

kill time

Answer 52

amount of time it takes the disinfectant to kill an individual/group of pathogens