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Patient Care 1 > Infection Prevention > Flashcards

Infection Prevention Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the chain of infection

A

-a source of resevoir for infectious agents
-a susceptible host
- a mode of transmission

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2
Q

describe the modes of transmission of pathogens

A

-direct
-indirect
-respiratory

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3
Q

what is direct contact and examples

A

-when pathogens are transferred between individuals without an intermediate person or object
ex: broken skin, mucosal contact

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4
Q

what is indirect contact and example

A

transmission occurs when pathogens are transferred between individuals via a contaminated intermediate person or object
ex: contaminated instruments or surface

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5
Q

describe respiratory transmission and example

A

transmission results in inhalation of droplets or droplet nuclei

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6
Q

whats the difference between droplets and droplet nuclei

A

droplets are limited to 3 feet and its sneezing or coughing. droplet nuclei can remain in air indefinitely and travel more than 3 feet

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7
Q

what is virulence

A

ability to cause infection and damage

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8
Q

what are the types of resistance

A

innate and acquired

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9
Q

what are innate immune responses

A

physical (skin)
mechanical (secretions, cilia)
chemical (stomach acid)

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10
Q

what is acquired immune response

A

cell-mediated (antibodies)

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11
Q

what are the various stages of infection and what happens in each stage

A

-incubation: time between exposure and symptoms
-prodromal: period between appearance of symptoms and full development of illness
-acute or period of illness: symptoms are most severe
- convalescent or decline: symptoms and pathogen number decreases but individual is more susceptible to other infections at this time because of weakened immune system

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12
Q

what is sanitization give examples

A

process of physical cleaning to reduce microbes
ex: disinfectant and paper towels on surfaces, ultrasonic

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13
Q

what is sterilzation

A

destruction of all microbial forms (including spores)

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14
Q

what are antiseptics and example

A

substances that stops or slows the growth of microorganisms, used on living tissue
-ex: alcohol

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15
Q

what is disinfection

A

applied to inanimate objects and surfaces, doesnt destroy spores

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16
Q

what are the 3 levels of disinfectants

A

high level, intermediate level, low level

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17
Q

what do high level disinfectants do

A

kill all pathogens but not all spores, used for heat sensitive critical and semi critical items, dont use on surfaces

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18
Q

what are intermediate level disinfectants used for

A

disinfecting dental operatory surfaces, destroys TB, most viruses and fungi, vegetative bacteria but not spores

19
Q

what are examples of intermediate level disinfectants

A

cavi wipes and alcohol

20
Q

what are low level disinfectants used for

A

floors and walls in dental operatories and general cleaning, kills most vegetative bacteria and some viruses and fungi

21
Q

what are the different classifications in Spaulding’s classification

A

-critical items
-semi-critical items
-non-critical items

22
Q

what are critical items and what do they do

A

-penetrate soft and hard tissues or the vascular system and confer a high degree of infection
ex: explorers, scalpels, burs, scalers

23
Q

what do semi critical items do and examples

A
  • contact but do not penetrate, non-sharp items that enter the oral cavity
  • ex: mirror, impression trays
24
Q

what do non-critical items do and examples

A

items that dont enter the oral cavity but may be touched
ex: counter tops, keyboard, light handle

25
Q

what are administrative controls, give example

A

-policies, procedures and enforcement measures targeted at reducing the risk of occupational exposure to infectious persons
ex: postponing non-emergency appointments of patients with COVID

26
Q

what are engineering controls and give example

A
  • devices that isolate or remove the risk of exposure to bloodborne pathogens in a workplace
    ex: instrument cassettes, sharps containers
27
Q

what are work practice controls and give examples:

A

-procedures that reduce the likelihodd of exposure to infectious materials by altering the manner in which a task in performed
ex: recapping a needle using the one handed scoop technique

28
Q

what is regulated medical waste

A

blood or other potentially infectious material in liquid or semi-liquid state, “dripping or squeezable”

29
Q

how do you handle regulated medical waste

A

red biohazard bag

30
Q

what does an ultrasonic cleaner do

A

uses high frequency sound waves to loosen and remove debris

31
Q

what are advantages and disadvantages of ultrasonic cleaners

A

advantages: more effective than hand scrubbing, reduces potential of self injury

32
Q

what does the autoclave do

A

steam under pressure

33
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of the autoclave

A

advantages: most dependable and economical, most common
disadvantages: dulls cutting edges and rusts

34
Q

what does a flash sterilizer use

A

steam

35
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of dry heat

A

advantages: doesnt dull cutting edges, wont rust
disadvantages: long cycle, handpieces cant tolerate, poor penetration

36
Q

what does the chemiclave do

A

steam under pressure with chemical vapor from formaldehyde

37
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of the chemiclave

A

advantages: shorter cycle, less corrosion of carbon steel instruments
disadvantages: chemical vapor is hazardous

38
Q

how should you do a spore test

A

put location in different spots each week to make sure theres no cold spots

39
Q

what should you do if your machine fails its spore test

A

take machine out of service, review proper loading and running and repeat test. if still fails, have machine inspected

40
Q

what are the 3 types of latex reactions

A

-irritant contact dermatitis
-allergic contact dermatitis
- immediate allergic reaction

41
Q

what is irritant contact dermatitis and symptoms

A

-not an allergic reaction
-due to repeated exposures
-dry, itchy, burning, irritated areas

42
Q

what is allergic contact dermatitis and symptoms

A

-delayed reaction hypersensitivty may take 23-48 hours to develop
- same symptoms as irritant contact dermatitis just more severe can spread more places in body and last longer

43
Q

what is an immediate allergic reaction/latex hypersensitivity

A
  • hypersensitivity to natural rubber latex proteins
  • may include nose with hay fever like symptoms, conjunctivitis, and severe itching
  • severe reactions: urticaria, bronchospasms, respiratory distress, anaphylaxis

Patient Care 1 (4 decks)

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