Infection People and Dates Flashcards
When was Hippocrates around and what did he suggest?
460-377 B.C.
Ideal that disease is associated with the physical environment.
Who was Anton van Leeuwenhoek?
Developed microscopy and said that single cell bacteria and protists were ‘animalcules’.
Who was Edward Jenner and when was he around?
1749-1823
Pioneered clinical trial vaccinations for smallpox using cowpox.
Who was Ignas Semmelweis and when was he around?
1840’s
Pioneered handwashing to help prevent the spread of septic infections in mothers following birth.
Who was John Snow and when was he around?
1813-1858
Father of epidemology and mapped cholera causes in London during an epidemic.
Who was Louis Pasteur and when was he around?
1860’s
Disproved spontaneous generation and that fermentation was caused by microbial growth from outside as spores, rather than being generated within broth.
Developed weakened anthrax vaccine, immunised cattle and rabies etc…
Associated with Robert Koch.
Who was Joseph Lister and when was he around?
1860;s
Pioneered antiseptic surgery.
3 methods: filtration, exposure to heat or exposure to chemical solutions.
Used carbolic acid (phenol) to sterilise surgical instruments and clean wounds.
What where The Koch’s Postulates?
1) Isolate the organism for every case of disease (will not be present in healthy people)
2)Propergate in pure culture in vitro
3) Reproduce disease by exposing to suitable host
4) then re-isolate
Worked for acute pathogens but what about chronic or minor conditions with multiple causes or pathogens that can’t be grown in a lab.
Who was Hans Christian Gram and when was he around?
1880’s
Gram stain - on lung sections, based on the chemical and physical properties of their cell walls.
Detects peptidoglycan, a thick layer on gram-positive (purple/blue) and on thinner gram-negative (pink/red).
Crystal violet becomes trapped in peptidoglycan in the presence of iodine, but ethanol dehydrates/destabilising and washed CV+I- out of gram-negative.
Who was Typhoid Mary and George Soper?
Mary was a carrier for Typhoid during 1904 and caused typhoid fever epidemics.
Quarentined to an island - she was released on the condition that she never handled food (she was a chef).
Two new epidemics broke out and Mary had been cooking - returned to the island where she remained for the rest of her life until she died.
Trends in microbial pathogens
Emergence of new pathogens and return of old ones, effects of population increases, climate change, resistance to chemotherapeutics.
