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MICRB 106 - Exam 4 > Infection, Infectious Diseases, and Epidemiology > Flashcards

Infection, Infectious Diseases, and Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

Define symbiosis

A

To live together

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2
Q

Define symbionts

A

Members of a symbiotic relationship

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3
Q

Define mutualism

A

Symbionts benefit from their interaction

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4
Q

Bacteria in the human colon is an example of ______

A

Mutualism

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5
Q

Define commensalism

A

One symbiont benefits without significantly affecting the other

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6
Q

Staphylococcus on skin is an example of ______

A

Commensalism

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7
Q

Define parasitism

A

A parasite benefits while harming its host

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8
Q

Tuberculosis bacteria is an example of ______

A

Parasitism

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9
Q

What is an axenic environment?

A

An environment free of any microbes

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10
Q

The environment in which microbes colonize in the body without normally causing disease is called a ______

A

Microbiome

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11
Q

______ remain a part of the normal microbiota for most of a person’s life

A

Resident microbiota

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12
Q

______ remain in the body for only a few hours, days, or months, before disappearing

A

Transient microbiota

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13
Q

Do normal microbiota ordinarily cause disease?

A

No

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14
Q

Describe 4 different factors or conditions that would be expected to favor opportunistic growth

A
  • Introduction of normal microbiota into an unusual site
  • Immune system suppression
  • Changes affecting microbial antagonism
  • Stress
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15
Q

A ______ is a site where pathogens are maintained as a source of infection

A

Reservoir of infection

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16
Q

What are the 3 different kinds of reservoirs of infection?

A
  • Animal reservoirs
  • Human reservoirs
  • Nonliving reservoirs
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17
Q

What is a zoonotic disease?

A

A disease that spreads naturally from animal hosts to humans

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18
Q

What are the 3 major human portals of entry for pathogens?

A
  • Skin
  • Placenta
  • Mucous membranes
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19
Q

What is the parenteral route?

A

A puncture through the skin / GI tract

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20
Q

What is the function of adhesion factors (adhesins)?

A

Enable pathogens to bind to receptors on host cells

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21
Q

Any change from a state of health refers to ______

A

Disease / morbidity

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22
Q

Differentiate among symptoms, signs, and syndromes

A
  • Symptoms - subjective characteristics of disease (felt by the patient)
  • Signs - objective characteristics of disease (can be measured)
  • Syndromes - a group of signs and symptoms
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23
Q

What does asymptomatic / subclinical refer to regarding disease?

A

Lack of symptoms allowing an infection to go unnoticed

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24
Q

Virulence refers to the degree of ______

A

Pathogenicity

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25
Q

What are virulence factors?

A

Traits that enable pathogens to cause disease

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26
Q

What role do hyaluronidases play in infection and disease?

A

They digest hyaluronic acid

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27
Q

______ is the ‘glue’ that holds animal cells together

A

Hyaluronic acid

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28
Q

What role do collagenases play in infection and disease?

A

They break down collagen

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29
Q

______ is the body’s chief structural protein

A

Collagen

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30
Q

What role do coagulases play in infection and disease?

A

They cause blood proteins to clot

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31
Q

Coagulases provide a ______ for bacteria

A

Hiding place

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32
Q

What role do kinases (staphylokinase and streptokinase) play in infection and disease?

A

They digest blood clots

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33
Q

Describe 2 basic ways by which toxins affect the host

A
  • Harm tissues
  • Trigger immune responses
34
Q

What do cytotoxins affect?

A

Host cells

35
Q

What do neurotoxins affect?

A

Nerve cell function

36
Q

What do enterotoxins affect?

A

Cells lining the GI tract

37
Q

______ are protective molecules that bind to specific toxins and neutralize them

A

Antibodies

38
Q

______ are antibodies against toxins

A

Antitoxins

39
Q

______ are toxins that have been treated with heat to become nontoxic

A

Toxoids

40
Q

Describe the composition of gram-negative bacteria

A

Outer membrane composed of lipopolysaccharide

41
Q

What is endotoxin?

A

Lipid portion of lipopolysaccharide released when gram-negative bacteria die

42
Q

Endotoxin is also known as ______

A

Lipid A

43
Q

What are the effects of endotoxin on the body? (6)

A
  • Inflammation
  • Hemorrhaging
  • Blood coagulation
  • Shock
  • Fever
  • Diarrhea
44
Q

______ engulf and remove invading pathogens

A

Phagocytic cells

45
Q

Bacterial capsules DO NOT …

A

Stimulate a host’s immune response

46
Q

How can prevention of lysosome fusion with phagocytic vesicles inhibit the destructive outcome of phagocytosis?

A

Bacteria can survive inside of phagocytes

47
Q

______ is the time between infection and occurrence of first signs / symptoms

A

Incubation period

48
Q

______ is generalized, mild symptoms that precedes illness

A

Prodromal period

49
Q

______ is the most severe stage where signs / symptoms are most evident

A

Illness

50
Q

______ is when the body gradually returns to normal

A

Decline

51
Q

______ is complete recovery from illness

A

Convalescence

52
Q

What are portals of exit?

A

The site where pathogens leave the host (secretions / excretions)

53
Q

Define contact transmission

A

Spread of pathogens by direct contact, indirect contact, or droplets

54
Q

What are fomites?

A

Inanimate objects

55
Q

Droplet transmission is the spread of pathogens by droplets traveling …

A

Less than 1 meter

56
Q

Airborne transmission is the spread of pathogens by traveling …

A

More than 1 meter

57
Q

Define vehicle transmission

A

The spread of pathogens via air, drinking water, food, etc.

58
Q

Differentiate between waterborne transmission and foodborne transmission

A
  • Waterborne transmission - GI diseases
  • Foodborne transmission - pathogens in / on food
59
Q

What are vectors?

A

Arthropods that transmit diseases

60
Q

______ serve as hosts for the multiplication of a pathogen

A

Biological vectors

61
Q

______ are NOT required as hosts; passively carry pathogens

A

Mechanical vectors

62
Q

The biological vectors of disease typically affecting humans are ______

A

Biting arthropods

63
Q

Describe acute diseases

A

Develops rapidly and lasts a short time

64
Q

Describe chronic diseases

A

Develops slowly and is continual / recurrent

65
Q

Describe subacute diseases

A

Between acute and chronic

66
Q

What are latent diseases?

A

Inactive pathogens

67
Q

What type of disease comes from another infected host?

A

Communicable disease

68
Q

What type of disease is easily transmitted between hosts?

A

Contagious disease

69
Q

What type of disease arises outside of the host?

A

Noncommunicable disease

70
Q

Influenza is an example of a ______ disease

A

Communicable

71
Q

Chicken pox is an example of a ______ disease

A

Contagious

72
Q

Acne is an example of a ______ disease

A

Noncommunicable

73
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

The study of disease occurrence and transmission within populations

74
Q

Incidence is the number of ______ cases in a population

A

New

75
Q

Prevalence is the number of ______ cases

A

Total

76
Q

Prevalence is a ______ number

A

Cumulative

77
Q

______ diseases occur continually at a relatively stable incidence

A

Endemic

78
Q

______ diseases have only a few scattered cases

A

Sporadic

79
Q

______ diseases occur at a greater frequency that usual

A

Epidemic

80
Q

______ diseases occur on more than one continent

A

Pandemic

MICRB 106 - Exam 4 (4 decks)

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