Infection, Immunology and Allergy Flashcards
Best investigation to confirm Mumps
Serum mumps IgM
What are the live attenuated vaccines in the UK immunisations schedule?
MMR
BCG
What are the vaccines which contain inactivated toxins in the UK immunisations schedule?
Diptheria
Tetanus
What are the carbohydrate vaccines in the UK immunisations schedule?
Pneumococcal vaccine
What are the conjugate vaccines in the UK immunisations schedule?
HiB
Meningococcal vaccine
What is a conjugate vaccine and how does it work?
Conjugate vaccines fight a type of bacteria that has antigens with an outer coating of sugar-like substances called polysaccharides. This type of coating disguises the antigen, making it hard for a young child’s immature immune system to recognize it and respond to it.
Conjugate vaccines are effective for these types of bacteria because they connect (or conjugate) the polysaccharides to antigens that the immune system responds to very well. This linkage helps the immature immune system react to the coating and develop an immune response. An example of this type of vaccine would be the Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) vaccine.
What vaccines would a child receive at 8 weeks / 2 months as part of the UK immunisations schedule?
1) Infrarix Hexa (DTaP (Diptheria, Tetanus and Pertussis), IPV (Polio), Hep B, HiB)
2) Men B
3) Rotavirus
What vaccines would a child receive at 12 weeks / 3 months as part of the UK immunisations schedule?
1) Infrarix Hexa (DTaP (Diptheria, Tetanus and Pertussis), IPV (Polio), Hep B, HiB)
2) Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine
3) Rotavirus
Which vaccine is given orally?
Rotavirus
What vaccines would a child receive at 16 weeks / 4 months as part of the UK immunisations schedule?
1) Infrarix Hexa (DTaP (Diptheria, Tetanus and Pertussis), IPV (Polio), Hep B, HiB)
2) Men B
What vaccines would a child receive at 1 year as part of the UK immunisations schedule?
1) HiB and Men C
2) Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine booster
3) MMR
4)
What vaccines would a child receive at 3 years 4 months (pre-school age) as part of the UK immunisations schedule?
1) Repevax (DTaP (Diptheria, Tetanus and Pertussis), IPV (Polio))
2) MMR
What vaccines would a child receive at 12-13 years as part of the UK immunisations schedule?
HPV
What vaccines would a child receive at 14 years as part of the UK immunisations schedule?
1) Revaxis (Tetanus, Diptheria and Polio)
2) Men ACWY
When would you offer additional Hep B vaccines and when are they given?
Babies born to hepatitis B positive mothers
Given in addition to the routine immunisations at 2, 3 and 4 months:
- At birth
- 4 weeks
- 12 months
When would you offer the BCG vaccine and when would you give it?
Infants in areas with high TB prevalence (>40 per 100,000) or infants with a parent or grandparent born in a high incidence country.
It is given at birth
Who would receive and when do you give the pneumococcal vaccine?
Annually for high risk groups:
- Cochlear implants
- Chronic respiratory or cardiac conditions
- Chronic neurological conditions
- Diabetes
- CKD
- Asplenia / splenic dysfunction
- Immunosuppression
- Complement disorders
Who would receive and when do you give the influenza vaccine?
Annually for high risk groups:
- Chronic respiratory or cardiac conditions
- Chronic neurological conditions
- Diabetes
- CKD
- Asplenia / splenic dysfunction
- Immunosuppression
- Complement disorders
Who would receive the Hep A and B vaccine?
Chronic liver conditions
Haemophilia
What are the absolute contraindications to live attenuated vaccines?
Immunosuppression
- Prednisolone 2mg/kg per day for >1 week or 1mg/kg per day for >1 month
- Lower doses of Pred PLUS a cytotoxic / immunosuppressive medication
Impaired cell mediated immunity
- DiGeorge syndrome
- Chemotherapy or Radiotherapy, current or in past 6/12
- Bone marrow transplant in last 6/12
- Immunoglobulin administration in last 3/12
What vaccines cannot be given in those with egg allergy?
Influenza (they must have an egg free or very low ovo-albumin content)
Yellow fever
Which vaccine can cause intussusception?
Rotavirus (oral)
Which vaccine can cause ITP?
MMR
Which vaccine can cause bronchospasm?
HPV
What is the incubation period for scarlet fever?
1-7 days
What is the incubation period for Mumps?
18-21 days
What infection causes a high fever for 3-4 days and then a rash which starts on the trunk and spreads to the face/limbs?
Roseola infantum (human herpes virus 6)
Organism which causes slapped check
Parvovirus B19
Organism which causes hand, foot and mouth disease
Coxsackie virus
Which organisms / infections cause rashes which start on the face and spread to the trunk
Measles
Rubella
Scarlet fever
Which vaccine is given intra-dermally?
BCG
What are the 4 HPV types that Gardasil protects against?
HPV 6 + 11 (causes 90% of warts)
HPV 16 + 18 (causes 70% of cervical cancer as well as some anal and other genital cancers and some head and neck cancers)
WHO guidelines of stage 4 HIV (AIDS-defining illness) include complications such as …
Kaposi sarcoma, cytomegalovirus retinitis and Pneumocystis pneumoniae
What is the most common mode of transmission of HIV in children in the UK?
Vertical transmission (pregnancy, breast feeding, child birth)
What type of virus is HIV
RNA retrovirus which infects and depletes CD4 cells
What age group is most vulnerable to HIV infection?
Those <1 year of age
How does HIV infect cells?
It is an RNA retrovirus which contains reverse transcriptase which allows its viral RNA to be incorporated into the host DNA.
