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@ Nur 180 Exam 2 > Infection/Immunity/Dermatitis > Flashcards

Infection/Immunity/Dermatitis Flashcards

1
Q

Inflammation of the lung parenchyma
-infection is constantly a possibility;
Respiratory open airway

A

Pneumonia

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2
Q 
Acute Bacterial Pneumonia
Legionnaires' disease
Primary Atypical Pneumonia
Viral pneumonia
Aspiration Pneumonia
Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia
A

Types of Pneumonia

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3
Q 
Productive cough
chills
fever
cough
sputum rust or purulent
Hear crackles; possible pleural rub
pneumoccocal (strep) 70%, staphaureus; necrosis lung absess or empyema (pus pocket)
Throcyntesis or chest tube aspirate fluid out
A

Acute Bacterial Pneumonia

-(Chest) pleuritic pain; increase change on inspiration

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4
Q 
Moisture (swimming in pond)
HVAC; duct work; broncho pneumonia
Legionella pneumophila (bug found in H2O) gradual onset (up to 2 days after exposure)
Dry cough
dyspnea
malaise
chills
fever
Head ache
possible confusion
anorexia and diarrhea
A

Legionnaires’s Disease; pneumonia

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5
Q 
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Verigitis or bronchitis, typically young adults living in close quarters
10% viral
mild
HA
fever
Malaise
Fatigue
muscle aching
dry cough
A

Viral pneumonia

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6
Q 
Asp. of gastric contents
emergency surgery
depressed cough or gag
impaired swallowing
stroke pts. @ risk
A

Aspiration pneumonia

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7
Q 
PCP
Abrupt onset
includes fever
tachycardia
SOB
dry, non-productive cough
***HIV
A

Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia

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8
Q

*Chest Xray; pneumonia dx & rule-out
*Computed tomography; detailed image needed
*Sputum gram stain; tells you what its positive for and to determine broad spectrum antibiotics
*Sputum C&S; culture and sensitivity; what bug is it and drug it’s most susceptible to. (resistant)
*CBC; complete blood count
*Serology testing; detect antibodies to toxins, identify affecting organism
*Pulse oximetry; Sat %
*ABG; arterial blood gases
*Fiberoptic bronchoscopy; some reason pt needs o2.
(bronch tem; look and see whats going on. poss to suck all sputum out and get a specimen).

A

Diagnostics Pneumonia/Infection

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9
Q 
Cough
Excess mucus production
Dyspnea
Hemoptysis
Chest pain
Fever 
Decreased appetite
Malaise
Cyanosis
A

Symptoms of Pneumonia/Infection

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10
Q

*Pain and Fever Control; treat at 38.5 or greater in hosp.; Tylenol or Motrin
Risk with increase fever; seizures
*Fluids; loosen secretions; have insensible fluid loss; need extra
*Rest
*O2; Sat%
*Chest PT; loosen up secretions; ABX
*Urinary Tract Infection;
What is it? ureuritis, prostatitis, cystistis, pleulonephritis (upper and ureters; 2nd most common in children)
*An infection that can include urethra bladder, ureters, and/or kidneys
*Infecting agent
*Escherichia coli; most common (in stool) Females wipe front to back
*Staphylococcus sapophyticus; 10-15%
*Proteu
*Klebsiella
*Pseudomonas; these 3 have to do with catheterizations

A

Treatment of Pneumonia/Infections

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11
Q 
Dysuria
Pyuria
Frequency
Hematuria
Urgency
Suprapubic discomfort
Nocturia
A

Urinary Tract Infection

Symptoms

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12
Q
  • urinalysis; mid stream or clean catch
  • urine gram stain; what type of bacteria?
  • urine culture and sensitivity; susceptibility
  • WBC with differential; increase infection; leukocytosis
  • Intravenous pyelography; contrast, structure elevation, anything unusual there
  • Voiding cystourethrography; taking a look while your voiding
  • Cystoscopy; up urethra; direct visualization to bladder
  • Pelvic/prostate exam; manual exam; determine cystocele, enlarged prostate or rectocele
  • Renal/bladder ultrasound; detect pyelonephritis or renal scaring
A

Diagnostics of Infection/UTI

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13
Q

ABX
Encourage fluids; flush system
Administer analgesics

A

Treatment of UTI infection

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14
Q

Is a highly contagious, viral respiratory disease referred to as “the flu”

A

Influenza or “the flu”

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15
Q 
Coryza; inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane lining assoc with nasal discharge.
Cough; dry
Substernal burning
Sore throat
Fever and Chills
Muscle Aches
Malaise
Fatigue
A

Symptoms of the Flu

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16
Q 
Based on Hx; where u been, with who?
Clinical Findings
Community Outbreaks
Chest Xrays
WBC; decreased bc viral
CBC; rule out pneumonia
30% mortality rate
Prevention; vaccine
No aspirin for children: Reye Syndrome (2 to 3 weeks after onset of flu)
A

Diagnostics for the Flu

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17
Q

myocarditis
encephalitis
Guillian Barre; neuromuscular disorder; loss function top to bottom. recover bottom to top

A

Complications of the flu

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18
Q
  • Antivirals;
  • amantadine (5 day prophylactic), rimantidine (preventing), Zanamivir (prophylactic; can give bronchospasms, no COPD patients)
  • oseltamivir (PO), ribavirin (inhalant); decrease severity of the flu, 7 days if you have it.
  • aspirin, acetaminophen, NSAIDS, to relieve fever and aches
A

Treatment of Flu; Antivirals

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19
Q

Acute bacterial infection of the dermis and underlying connective tissue

A

Cellulitis

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20
Q

Inflammation
Pain
Warmth
Redness
Swelling
***enlarged lymph nodes
-irregular shape, but well defined borders.
-Normal flora on body then break in skin, get an infection.
-ABX-10 day course
-@ risk for sepsis and osteomyelitis (inf. in the bone) and arthritis

A

Symptoms of Cellulitis

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21
Q

WBC; elevated; bacterial

Blood cultures; possibly, systemic infection

A

Diagnostics of Cellulitis

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22
Q 
Maintain adequate hydration
Administer antipyretics, ABX
Administer pain medication as needed
Maintain bedrest
Encourage adequate nutrition for healing
A

Treatment for Cellulitis

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23
Q

Peripheral Vascular Disease

A

Legs up

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24
Q

Peripheral Arterial Disease

A

Legs down

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25
Q

tinea pedis

A

athlete’s foot

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26
Q 
malnutrition
dehydration
diabetes
PVD, circulatory problem issues
tinea pedis
A

Peripheral neuropathy

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27
Q

disorder of nerve(s) apart from the brain and spinal cord.

A

Peripheral neuropathy

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28
Q

Inflammation of the mucus membranes of the stomach and small intestine. usually the small bowel.

A

Gastroenteritis

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29
Q

Increased frequency of stooling. ie. watch out for hypokalemia. Replacing K+ possible
Increased water content of stool.
hx, HA, Malaise, muscle aches
“traveler’s diarrhea” from e coli or campylobacter
“dysentery” from Shigellosis
Viral Rotavirus
norwalk virus

A

Symptoms of Gastroenteritis

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30
Q

Gram stain

A

Diagnostic for Gastroenteritis

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31
Q 
Fluids 
ABX
Skin Care
Weights daily (hydration staus)
Must use own bathroom and dishes
food prep
wash hands
clean bathroom
A

Treatment of Gastroenteritis/teaching

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32
Q

Inflammation of the skin

  • response to direct contact with allergen
  • Common causes; dyes, perfumes, poison plants, chemicals, metals, acids, alkalis, bromide, chlorine, cosmetics, fabrics, rubber products, coloring agents.
  • Nursing practice consideration: Latex
A

Contact Dermatitis

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33
Q

Allergic contact dermatitis
-Type IV cell mediated.
-Delayed hypersensitivity
-First exposure sensitizes, subsequent exposure manifestations noted.
Irritant contact dermatitis
-Inflammation of the skin from irritants.
*Often forms acids, soaps detergents
*Lesions are similar
Risk Factors
-Allergies, family hx or eczema, burns exposure to plants, chemical metals, frequent hand washing,
Elderly @ risk

A

Pathophysiology and Etiology

Contact Dermatitis

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34
Q
  • Allergic Manifestations
  • Erythema
  • Edema
  • Pruritus
  • Vesicles
  • Bullae
  • Irritant contact dermatitis
  • Discrete area of redness at exposure location
A

Clinical Manifestations

Contact Dermatitis

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35
Q

Allergic Contact Dermatitis
-Symptoms can develop several hours to 3 days after exposure
-Rash takes 2-4 weeks to resolve without treatment
Irritant contact Dermatitis
-Rash usually develops within a few hours of contact, peaks within 24 hours and resolves with removal of the irritant.

A

Clinical Manifestations

Contact Dermatitis

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36
Q

Hx and pattern of rash gives clues

  • Testing;
  • patch testing, stays on for 48-72 hr.
  • Intradermal
  • Scratch
A

Diagnosis

Contact Dermatitis

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37
Q
  • Remove offending agent!
  • Apply calamine lotion
  • Cool compresses; Burrow’s/Domeboro Solution
  • Oatmeal soaks; relieve itching
  • caution, tub will be slippery
  • Antihistamines; itching/limit cytokines; benadryl
  • Topical Corticosteroids; 2x/day (2-3 weeks)
  • oral corticosteroids for more than 10% surface area
  • never stop taking abruptly
A

Treatment for Contact Dermatitis

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38
Q
  • Referral to allergist
  • Other consultations if episode recurrent
  • School age children; class environment
  • Work environment
A

Collaboration

Contact Dermatitis

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39
Q

Chief Complaint;

  • Onset
  • Characteristics
  • Course
  • Severity
  • Precipitating and relieving factors
  • Physical examination
A

Nursing Process: Assessment

Contact Dermatitis

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40
Q

Impaired Skin integrity

Deficient Knowledge

A

Nursing Diagnosis

Contact Dermatitis

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41
Q

Client’s triggers will be identified and eliminated

Client will remain free from infection

A

Plan for Contact Dermatitis

42
Q

Medications, treatments relieve symptoms
Client teaching to relieve irritation of skin
May need to change diet, environment
Remove clothing worn after outside activity
place barrier between allergen and skin
Apply topical corticosteroids for 2-3 weeks
Antihistamines with caution (drowsiness)

A

Implementation

Contact Dermatitis

43
Q

Control of dermatitis maintained
No infections occur
Triggers identified and eliminated
Client’s sleep minimally disturbed by itching

A

Evaluation

Contact Dermatitis

44
Q
  • Altered immune response to an antigen that results
  • Response may be bothersome or life threatening
  • Classified by type of response, immediate or delayed, organ system, or allergen
A

Hypersensitivity

45
Q

characterized by rapid development of symptoms after exposure to an antigen. Anaphylaxis is the most severe form

A

Type I, or immediate hypersensitivity
Rapid development of symptoms after exposure to an antigen
Ie Anaphylaxis

46
Q

Involves the rupture of cells targeted by the immune response. A common example is transfusion reactions.

A

Type II, or cytotoxic hypersensitivity
Involves rupture of cells targeted by the immune response.
Ie. transfusion reactions!

47
Q

Includes inflammatory response in the targeted tissues that leads to tissue damage. Autoimmune disease often involve this type of reaction.

A

Type III, or immune complex reaction.
Includes inflammation response in the targeted tissues that lead to tissue damage.
Ie. Autoimmune diseases

48
Q

Characterized by tissue damage at the site of antigen contact 24-48 hours after exposure. Contact dermatitis is an example.

A

Type IV, or delayed-type hypersensitivity
Characterized by tissue damage @ the site of antigen contact 24-48 hrs after exposure.
Ie. contact dermatitis

49
Q 
Type I; IgE mediated; Local or Systemic
Type II; IgG or IgM; Cytotoxic
Type III; Immune complexes (IgG or IgM antibody and antigen)
Type IV; Delayed; T-Cell/Macrophage
*HIV, Rh. Arthritis
Stimulatory (Type V)
A

Types of hypersensitivity Reactions
Humoral
Stimulating specific targets, antibodies bind to target cell & stimulate. “Turned-on”
Ie. contact with foreign antigen stimulates B cells.

50
Q

IgE-mediated hypersensitivity; ***poison ivy
-common hypersensitivity. Trigger when allergen interacts with free IgE
-allergens can be ingested in food, injected, inhaled, or absorbed.
*Can be local or systemic (atopic or anaphylactic)
-Local mediators remain confined to a local area
-Allergens cause hay fever, rhinitis, asthma.
-Mosquito bite
-Hives
*Systemic-Mediators are released systemically.
-Anaphylactic shock
(Epi pen, epinephrine into thigh) *acts only to stabilize until get to hospital) Very small window; anaphylactic shock. keep airway open, Remove allergen

A

Type I

51
Q

*Release of histamine Leads to
-Vasodilation in small arteries and capillaries
-Increased capillary permeability
-Smooth muscle contraction, (muscle tightens, throat closes up)
-Bronchial constriction; can’t breath, bronch seizing up)
*Most severe form is anaphylaxis!
-commonly assoc. with ABX and more recently Latex.
1st 5/10 mins after 1st time taking med; Abx. systemic; rash on skin

A

Type I

52
Q
  • Erythema and sometimes angioedema of the eyes, lips or tongue.
  • First feelings of uneasiness, apprehension, weakness, and impending doom.
  • Pruritus & urticaria
  • Edema and swelling, followed rapidly by wheezing, dyspnea, cyanosis, and circulatory collapse requiring immediate emergency treatment.
  • Maintenance of airway is a priority; tongue blocked; get out of way of opening.
  • ABX reaction possible; take history; hospitalization, 1st time taking abx. bc. no previous exposure
A

Anaphylaxis

Can be fatal!

53
Q 
First assess respiratory function
Oxygen
CPR may be needed.
Epinephrine (1: 1000) 0.3 to 0.5 ml IV or SubQ
Antihistamines treat angioedema and urticaria.
Treat bronchospasm
IV fluids
Monitor VS (BP/Resp)
Treat underlying cause
A

Anaphylaxis Intervention

54
Q

Type II (Cytotoxic) hypersensitivity

  • IgG or IgM-type antibodies form to a cell-bound antigen
  • Antibodies bind with antigen
  • (Exogenous or Endogenous Stimulation)
  • Examples of exogenous antigen reaction
  • foreign tissue or cells
  • Drug reaction PO meds
  • Withdrawal of antigen stops hemolysis; remove antigen
A

Type II

55
Q

Special autoantibodies directed against self cells that have some form of foreign protein attached to them. Self cells destroyed by lysis or phagocytosis. (pacman)
-clinical examples include:
*hemolytic anemia
*thrombocytopenic purpura
*hemolytic transfusion reactions
*Good pasture’s syndrome; body mistakes and generates
lungs to kidneys; lung/renal damage

A

Type II Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity

56
Q

Blood Transfusion
*IgG or IgM antibodies attach to a cell-bound antigen
*Complement cascade destroys target cell
Stop Transfusion, if not reaction will be worse.
**Shut off pump if having a reaction!!!
riders, turn beat red; shooting pain, fever, local irritants (10-15 min) usual reaction. Do next set of vitals in 15 mins.
Drug reaction
*Drug forms antigenic complex on blood cell surface.
*Resulting reaction destroys cells leading to hemolytic anemia
*Discontinuing drug stops the reaction
-check for any itching, swelling reaction.
Cell lysis (destruction)

A

Examples of Type II

57
Q
  • Endogenous antigen forms on surface of tissue
  • Reaction destroys the tissue
  • Results in autoimmune disorders
  • Myasthenia Gravis; disease of myelin sheath tissue. mistake and generates/misfiring nerves or non-firing.
  • Severe weakness caused by circulating antibodies that block Acetylcholine receptors @ the post synaptic neuromuscular junction.
  • Goodpasture’s syndrome
  • The body mistakenly generates antibodies against lung and renal tissue producing lung damage and renal failure.
A

Examples of Type II

58
Q
  • remove offending drug or blood product.
  • Plasmapheresis-fresh plasma
  • Treatment is symptomatic
  • Complications can be life threatening
  • respiratory failure
  • Renal failure
  • Hemolytic crisis
A

Treatment of Type II Cytotoxic Reactions

59
Q
  • Results from formation of IgG or IgM antibody-antigen immune complexes in circulatory system
  • These circulating complexes usually lodge in small blood vessels.
  • Local
  • immune complex accumulates in the glomerular basement membrane of the kidneys.
    ex. Streptococcal infection or with systemic lupus erythematosus glomerulonephritis
  • Systemic
  • Fever urticaria, rash, arthralgia, lymphadenopathy, myalgia
A

Type III; Immune complex-mediated

60
Q

*Serum Sickness; often seen when horse or rabbit serum injected. Self limiting.
*Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
-A chronic inflammatory condition that causes disease of the skin, heart, lungs, kidneys, joints & nervous system.
-Multiple treatment modalities.
*Rheumatoid Arthritis; primarily affects synovial joints causing pain and deformity.[Corticosteriods]
-Multiple treatments: medication; harsh on body, carcinogenics; lupus.
Autoimmune diseases are not curable.
1-3 weeks after injection; reaction.

A

Type III; Immune complex Mediated

61
Q
  • T cell and macrophage mediated rather than antibody mediated; nothing to do with IgG or IgM
  • Local collection of lymphocytes and macrophages causes edema, induration, ischemia, and tissue damage at the site (local site)
  • Turberculin testing POS have induration and redness in 8-12 hrs. (PPD). Decrease just having reaction with injection negative. Bump positive. (induration) Have to touch
  • Contact dermatitis such as poison ivy
  • Latex allergy
  • Can process to type I reaction (IgE response); unknown Latex allergy and put on; can have IgG response.
  • Insect stings
  • Organ transplantation rejection.
  • Sarcoidosis-Fibrosis in lung tissue; decrease function of organ. Clumping tissue; grows in organ. Brandylonas. genetic; extreme reaction to antigens.
A

Type IV: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

62
Q
  • Immunotherapy/Desensitization/Allergy shots build IgG.
  • Epinephrine
  • Corticosteriods & Anti-inflammatory agents can reduce discomfort.
  • Histamine blockers: Benadryl of minimal benefit because Histamine is not the main mediator however, can help with sleep and itching.
A

Type IV: Interventions

63
Q

-Stimulatory hypersensitivity; antibodies are produced with the property of stimulating specific cell targets (humoral immunity)
-B cell mediated immunity; activated when in contact with antigen can excrete memory cells or antibodies; made in bone marrow.
-Autoantibodies bind to target cell and stimulate cells.
-Excess stimulation of a normal cell surface by an autoantibody, results in a continuous “turned-on” state for the cell.
-May cause uncontrolled secretion of hormone.
*the feedback mechanism is lost. Sends thyroid over stimulations; Grave’s disease; hyperthyroidism
*Grave;’s disease (hyperthyroidism)
eyes popping out of there head.
B cells in plasma generated memory cells provide rapid response to antigen it encounters.

A

Stimulatory Reaction

64
Q

Is found in body secretions including tears, saliva, breast milk, and colostrum. It lines mucous membranes and protects body surfaces. Found in secretions of respiratory, GI and GU tract. purpose is to protect mucus membranes from invading organisms.

A

IgA
Oral
In the gut and respiratory & GI

65
Q

Is found in plasma and interstitial fluids, it causes symptoms of allergic reactions. It attaches to mast cells and basophils. Assists in defense against parasitic infections, attached to mast cells and help with release of histamine-allergic reactions. Increases during allergic reactions and anaphylaxis.

A

IgE***

66
Q

Major immunoglobulin: primary antibody in a secondary immune. important in resistance to infection and passive resistance for a fetus, surveillance antibody. Responsible for antiviral and antibacterial barrier.

A

IgG

67
Q

Is found in plasma. It is responsible for primary immune response and forms anibodies to ABO blood antigens. Early reactors to antigens. Produced within 48-72 hrs. from antigen exposure. Produces antibody activity against Rheumatoid factor, gram-negative organisms.

A

IgM

68
Q

A state of responsiveness to foreign substances such as microorganisms and tumor proteins.

A

Immunity

69
Q

Immune responses serve what function?

A
  • Defense
  • Homeostasis
  • Surveillance
70
Q

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is allergic rhinitis?

A

Type I

71
Q

Under which of the following classifications of hypersensitivity would systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis be classified?

A

Type III hypersensitivity

72
Q

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is the body’s defense against the tubercle bacillus (tuberculosis)?

A

Type IV

73
Q

What type of hypersensitivity reaction are hemolytic transfusion reactions (Rh & ABO incompatibility)?

A

Type II

74
Q

Human body constantly threatened by

  • foreign substances (non-self)
  • infectious agents
  • abnormal cells
  • Function of immune system
  • protect body from foreign antigens
  • identify and destroy potentially harmful cells
  • remove cellular debris
A

Immunity

75
Q

Body’s natural or induced response to infection

  • immunocompetent clients
  • hypersensitivity; overreaction of immune response/allergies
  • autoimmune disorders-attack self
  • immunodeficiency
  • Understanding immune system
  • importance of immunizations
  • hygiene
  • nutrition
  • optimize health
A

Immunity

76
Q
  • Complex network
  • Performs several functions
  • defends and protects body from infection
  • removes and destroys dead/damaged cells
  • identifies/destroys malignant cells
  • Activated by external agents
  • inflammation nonspecific response
  • ability to differentiate host from foreign tissue
A

Immune System

77
Q

Leukocytes (WBC’s)

  • primary cells
  • derived from stem cells in bone marrow
  • use circulation to transport to site
  • normal number: 4,500-10,000 cells/mm3
  • Leukoctosis in presence of infection
  • Leukopenia
  • Leukocytes divided into 3 major Types
  • ***granulocytes
  • ***monocytes
A

Components of the Immune System

78
Q

Granulocytes; 60-80%

  • Myeloid stem cells of bone marrow
  • Protect body from microorganisms
  • Three types
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
A

Types of Leukocytes

79
Q 
Antigen-presenting cells (APC;s)
*Initiate immune response
*Actively phagocytic
Three types
*Monocytes
*Macrophages
*Dendritic cells
Phagocytic cells
A

Types of Luekocytes

80
Q

Lymphocytes

  • Effector and regulator cells of specific responses
  • Constantly circulate
  • Three types
  • T cells
  • B cells
  • Natural killer cells; lymphnodes, spleen and other lymphoid tissue
A

Types of Leukocytes

81
Q
  • Provoke specific immune response
  • Complete antigens have 2 characteristics
  • immunogenicity; ability to stimulate a specific immune response
  • specific reactivity; stimulate specific immune system components.
  • Primary immune response; sensitizes body
  • Secondary immune response; Memory cells; again; ready to fight off infection.
A

Antigens

82
Q

Found in nose, breathing passages, digestive tract, ears,eyes, and vagina. Found in saliva, tears and blood Consists of 10% to 15% of the antibodies. A small number of people do not make IgA antibodies. 1 in 400 don’t make.

A

IgA; (Ahhh, as in oral)

83
Q

Found in all body fluids. They are the smallest but most common antibody (75% to 80%) of all the antibodies in the body. Very important in fighting bacterial and viral infections. Only type that can cross the placenta

A

IgG (little Grandma; all goo in body)

84
Q

Largest antibody. Found in blood and lymph fluid. First responder to an infection. Cause other immune system cells to destroy foreign substances. 5% to 10% of all the antibodies in the body

A

IgM (M for mom; largest antibody)

85
Q

Found in the lungs, skin, and mucous membranes. Cause the body to react against foreign substances such as pollen, fungus spores, and animal dander. Occur in allergic reactions to milk, some medicines, and some poisons. Levels are often high in people with allergies.

A

IgE (exhale; lungs)

86
Q

Found in small amounts in the tissues that line the belly or chest. how they work is not clear.

A

IgD (Dad; belly, chest)

87
Q

Intracellular pathogens activate T lymphocytes (Armed forces; Army-Tissue/Tents/T-Cells)

  • Helper T cell initiate immune system.
  • Complement activates
  • general inflammatory reaction
  • Immune cells secrete cytokines
  • Carry messages for immune system function
  • cell proliferation, differentiation of cellular actions, produce inflammation, sensitization to pain
  • interleukins are a type of cytokine.
  • cytotoxic T lymphocytes; attack malignant cells.
    respons. for rejection of transplants.
A

Cell-mediated (cellular) Immune response

88
Q

Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils, lymphoid tissue scattered in connective tissues, mucosa and bone marrow.

  • Recovers proteins for vascular system.
  • protects bloodstream from invading organism
  • Lymph nodes
  • Filter foreign products or antigens
  • House and support lymphocytes and macrophages
  • Spleen
  • Thymus gland
  • stimuates lymphopoiesis
  • Bone marrow
  • produces, stores hematopoietic stem cells
  • Lymphoid tissures-mucosa-assoc.
  • peyer’s patches; gut assoc. largest collection of immune cells
  • Tonsils and adenoids
  • Protect from inhaled or ingested foreign agents
A

Lymphoid System

89
Q

Introduced antigen into body allowing immunity to develop.

  • active immunity
  • passive immunity; given immunoglobulins. Not long term from someone else;
  • Types of vaccines
  • killed virus
  • toxoid
  • live virus
  • recombinant
A

Immunizations

90
Q

Responses to vaccines;
*local reaction
*systemic reaction
*local allergic reactions
*life-threatening allergic reaction; anaphylaxis
Vaccine Anaphylaxis Treatment
-Epinephrine
-0.01ml/kg up to 0.5ml IM
-Repeat every 10-20 min to total of 3 doses until symptoms subside
-Keep resuscitative equipment immediately

A

Immunizations

91
Q 
Immune function declines with aging
External and internal factors
-decrease in immune response
-lowered resistance to infections
-poor response to immunizations
-autoantibodies more common
decrease with aging
A

Normal Changes of Aging

92
Q 
Enzyme Immunoassay
Immunoglobulins
Polymerase chain reaction
Rapid HIV test
Radioallergosorbent test (RAST) antigens on I gE in blood
Skin allergens
Western blot test
Complete CBC
Complement
Enzye-linked immunosorbent assay
A

Diagnostic tests; immunity

93
Q

Irritant to the skin; hypersensitivity

A

Contact Dermatitis

94
Q

What are some common causes of Contact Dermatitis?

A 
Dyes
Latex
Cosmetics
Poison Plants
Acids
Different Fabrics
95
Q

What is usually the cause of irritant Contact Dermatitis?

A

Chemicals (acids), soaps, detergents

Not a hypersensitivity response

96
Q 
Allergies
Fam hx of eczema
exposure of plants
burns
Elderly
A

Some Risk Factors for Contact Dermatitis

97
Q

Redness
Edema
Itching
Bullae or Vesicles; rupture, ooze and crust

A

Clinical Manifestations of Contact Dermatitis

98
Q

Symptoms develop within several hours to 3 days of exposure to irritant and peaks within 24 hours.

A

Contact Dermatitis

99
Q 
Removal of Agent
Apply calamine lotion
cool compress
oatmeal bath
antihistamines
corticosteroids
oral corticosteroids
A

Treatment of contact dermatitis

100
Q 
Onset
Characteristic
Severity
Course
Precipitating Factors
A

Nursing Assessment for Contact Dermatitis

101
Q

Impaired Skin Integrity

Deficient of Knowledge

A

Nursing Diagnoses for Contact Dermatitis

@ Nur 180 Exam 2 (6 decks)

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