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Patient Care > Infection Control - Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Infection Control - Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Antibiotics

A

Soluble substances derived from a mold or bacterium that kills or inhibits growth of other microorganisms

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2
Q

Antifungal

A

Kills or inhibits fungi or their growth or reproduction

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3
Q

Antimicrobial Drugs

A

Drugs that tend to destroy microbes or prevent their multiplication

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4
Q

Arthropod vector

A

In the family of Arthropoda, which includes spiders, mites, ticks, and mosquitoes; can transmit infection to man or animals

Examples: Typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever

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5
Q

Attenuated Vaccine

A

A weakened or dilute solution of microbes

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6
Q

Bacteria

A

Colorless, minute, one celled organisms with a typical nucleus.

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7
Q

Broad Spectrum Antimicrobial Drug

A

A drug effective against a wide variety of different microorganisms

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8
Q

Carrier

A

A person or animal that harbors a particular infectious agent and does not have a clinical disease but is able to transmit the disease to others

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9
Q

Cilia

A

Mobile extensions of a cell surface

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10
Q

Cytomegalovirus Infections

A

A group of viruses in the Herpesviridae family

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11
Q

Encephalopathy

A

A disorder of the brain

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12
Q

Enterotoxigenic

A

Organism that produces toxins specific for cells in the intestinal tract. Example: certain strains of E. Coli that are extremely virulent and may cause a severe cholera-like ID

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13
Q

Fecal-oral route

A

Disease passed from one person who has poor hand washing hygiene to another through food touched by the former following stool elimination

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14
Q

Fungi

A

Cells that require oxygenated environment to live; may be either yeasts or molds

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15
Q

Genetic predisposition

A

Inherited potential through the genetic transmission for a particular illness or characteristic.

Mutant prions may be present

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16
Q

Helminths

A

Parasitic worms (Helminths) that may live in the human intestinal tract for long periods if not treated (flatworms and roundworms)

Common diseases include pinworm and tapeworm

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17
Q

Immune

A

Free from acquiring a particular infectious disease

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18
Q

Immune suppressed

A

Persons whose immunity is prohibited for physiologic reasons

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19
Q

Infectious disease

A

A disease capable of being passed from one person to another. Caused by both eukaryotic and prokaryotic microorganisms

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20
Q

Nucleoid

A

A part of a nucleolus (a nuclear inclusion body

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21
Q

Parasite

A

An organism that lives in or on another and draws its nourishment from that on which it lives

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22
Q

Pathogenicity

A

The ability to cause disease

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23
Q

Percutaneous injection

A

Passage through the skin by needle puncture including introduction of wires and catheters

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24
Q

Prion

A

An infectious particle of non-nucleic acid composition; must mutate to become infectious

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25
Q

Psuedomembranous colitis

A

Formation and passage of pseudomembranous material due to infection by clostridium difficile

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26
Q

Retention urinary catheters

A

Tubes that are placed in the urinary bladder and fixed in place for a period of time

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27
Q

Sepsis

A

The presence of pus-forming and other pathogenic organisms

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28
Q

Sterile

A

Free of all living microorganisms

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29
Q

Vascular access devices

A

Catheters or needles that are able to enter the blood vessels

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30
Q

Virulent

A

Extremely toxic

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31
Q

Viruses

A

Minute microbes that cannot be seen under an ordinary microscope; the smallest microorganism known to produce disease.

Ex: Influenza, common cold, mumps, measles, HIV, and Hep A, B, C, D, and E

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32
Q

Nosocomial Infections

A

Infection acquired in medical care. Also includes infections contracted at birth by infants or infected mothers

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33
Q

Iatrogenic Infection

A

A nosocomial infection that results from a particular treatment or therapeutic procedure (may not develop symptoms until leaving the health care environment

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34
Q

Community-acquired infection

A

A person who enters a health care facility with an infection

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35
Q

Exogenous Infections

A

Infections contracted from another person

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36
Q

Endogenous nosocomial infection

A

When a person acquires an infection in the HC setting as a result of an over growth of normal flora. Can be treated with broad spec antibiotics

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37
Q

Common sites of nosocomial infections

A

The bloodstream and urinary tract

38
Q

3 Domains of Cellular Organisms

A

Bacteria, archaea, and eucarya

39
Q

Factors that encourage nosocomial infections

A

Environment, therapeutic regimen, equipment and contamination during medical procedures

40
Q

Factors that increase the potential for nosocomial infection

A

Age, heredity, nutritional status, stress, inadequate rest and excercise, personal habits, health history, and inadequate defenses

41
Q

Areas of the body that are considered sterile

A

Brain, blood, bone, heart, and vascular system

42
Q

Endospore

A

Gram-pos bacteria are able to form this highly resistant structure which encases genetic material in the cell and allows bacteria to survive. More difficult to destroy

43
Q

Aerobes

A

Bacteria that survive only in an oxygen environment

44
Q

Anaerobes

A

Bacteria unable to live in the presence of oxygen

45
Q

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

A

Most often resulting from a mutant infectious prion. Transmitted to humans by eating infected meat. Also known as Mad Cow Disease

46
Q

Elements Needed To Transmit Infection

A
  1. An infectious agent.
  2. An environment in which pathogenic microbes can live and multiply
  3. A portal from which to exit the reservoir (nose, mouth, etc)
  4. A means of transmission (direct or indirect contact, droplet, vehicle
  5. A portal of entry into a new host
47
Q

Virulence

A

The causative organism’s ability to grow and multiply with speed

48
Q

Indirect Contact

A

Defined as the transfer of pathogenic microbes by touching objects that have been contaminated by an infected person.

49
Q

Direct Contact

A

When a person or animal with a disease or his/her blood or body fluids are touched

50
Q

Vehicles

A

Transport infection; include food, water, drugs, or blood contaminated

51
Q

Means of Transmission

A
  1. Direct Contact
  2. Indirect Contact
  3. Droplet
  4. Vehicle
  5. Airborne
  6. Vector
52
Q

Toxoid Vaccine

A

Made from inactivated, nontoxic exotoxin of a pathogenic microbe

53
Q

Line of Defense

A

The Immune System.

Recognizes antigens (foreign organic substances that invade the body) which induce it to create antibodies.

  1. First Line of Defense includes skin, hair, acidic conditions of the stomach.
  2. Second Line of Defense is the inflammatory response
  3. Third Line of Defense is the Antigen-Antibody Response
54
Q

Process of Infection

A
  1. Incubation Stage
  2. Prodromal Stage
  3. Full Disease Stage
  4. Convalescent Stage
55
Q

Incubation Stage

A

Pathogen enters and then begins to produce nonspecific symptoms of disease

56
Q

Prodromal Stage

A

Second stage. More specific symptoms; microorganisms increase and disease becomes highly infectious

57
Q

Full Disease Stage

A

Third Stage of Infection. Disease reaches fullest extent or in some cases, produces only vague symptoms. Continues to be highly infectious

58
Q

Convalescent Stage

A

Fourth stage of Infection. Symptoms diminish and eventually disappear. Some diseases disappear but the microbe that caused it go into a latent phase. Examples include Malaria, TB, and Herpes infections

59
Q

MRSA

A

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus. Must be assumed all patient’s may be carriers of it. Transmitted by direct and indirect contact

60
Q

VRSA

A

Vancomycin-Resistant S. Aureus.

61
Q

VRE

A

Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus. Enterococcus is part of the normal flora in the GI tract but capable of causing disease when it affects blood, urine, or wounds. Resistant to normal hand washing and difficult to remove

62
Q

What is thought to be the second most causative microbe for nosocomial infections?

A

VRE (Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus)

63
Q

Bacteremia and Fungemia

A

Result of Bacteria or Fungi in the bloodstream. Results of microbes entering blood by way of VAD

64
Q

Clostridium Difficle

A

Antibiotics disrupt the normal flora of the intestinal tract. Frequent cause of nosocomial infections. Results in pseudomembranous colitis which can produce profound sepsis

65
Q

ESBL

A

Extended-Spectrum B-Lactamase. Threat to treatment by antibiotic therapy. B-lactamase is a type of enzyme produced by some bacteria that is responsible for their resistance to antibiotics like penicillin.

66
Q

Medical Asepsis

A

Microorganisms have been eliminated through use of soap, water, friction, and various chemical disinfectants. Does not kill spores. Prevents spread of microorganisms.

67
Q

Surgical Asepsis

A

Microorganisms and their spores have been completely destroyed by means of heat or by a chemical process.

68
Q

OSHA

A

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Federal agency that protects workers and students from work related illnesses and injuries, inspects work sites, and enforces regulations concerning workplace safety.

69
Q

Standard Precautions (Tier 1)

A

Published by the CDC. To be used at all times when caring for a patient. Based on the assumption that every patient has the potential of having an infectious disease. Use PPE as needed to protect health care workers when exposure to blood or certain body fluids is probable (blood, semen, vaginal secretions, cerebrospinal, pleural, peritoneal, synovial, pericardial, and amniotic fluid)

70
Q

Disinfection

A

A term used to describe the removal by mechanical or chemical processes of pathogenic microorganisms (not their spores) from objects or surfaces.

71
Q

Antisepsis

A

The process of using antiseptics to eliminate microorganisms

72
Q

Antiseptic

A

Antimicrobial substances applied to living tissue to reduce infection

73
Q

Transmission-Based Precautions (Tier 2)

A

Designed to place a barrier to the spread of highly infectious diseases between persons with such diseases and the persons caring for them. Designed around the three modes of transmission (airborne, droplet, and Contact). Also known as category specific guidelines

74
Q

Airborne Isolation

A

Private room, negative air pressure ventilation, and an N95 respirator mask for health care workers; a surgical mask for visitors; doors closed.
Standard Precautions
A surgical mask for a patient to be transferred within the hospital

75
Q

Droplet Isolation

A

Happens when a patient sneezes, coughs, etc. Not spread more than 3 feet.

Private room or a room with another person infected with the same disease; door may be left open.
A mask for any procedure that requires less than 3ft in proximity to the infected
Standard Precautions

76
Q

Contact Isolation

A

A private room or with another person with same disease if patient cannot be relied on to maintain adequate precautions or is too young to do so
Gloves to be worn by workers before entering and removed before leaving
Wearing a gown
Careful handling of materials to prevent cross contamination
Equipment used in patient’s room must stay in room

77
Q

Diseases spread by airborne route

A

SARS, smallpox, TB, chicken pox (varicella), and rubeola

78
Q

Diseases spread by droplet route

A

Influenza, rubella, mumps, pertussis (whooping cough), most pneumonias, diphtheria, pharyngitis, scarlet fever, and meningococcal meningitis

79
Q

Diseases spread by Contact

A

Gastrointestinal infectious diseases, Hep A, herpes simplex, herpes zoster, impetigo, scabes, lice, Ebola

80
Q

Methods of Sterilization

A
  1. Pressurized Steam
  2. Gas
  3. Ionizing Radiation (Cobalt 60)
81
Q

Fomite

A

Inanimate object that spreads infection

82
Q

Vector

A

Living non-human that spreads infection

83
Q

Portions of a sterile gown that are considered sterile

A

The front and sleeves above the waist

84
Q

Strict Isolation

A

Prevents spread of infection through air droplets and Contact. Gown, gloves, mask needed

85
Q

Contact Isolation

A

Prevents spread of infection through direct contact. Gowns, gloves, mask

86
Q

Respiratory Isolation

A

Prevents spread of infection through droplets. Mask needed

87
Q

Enteric Isolation

A

Prevents spread of infection through direct or indirect contact with feces. Gown and gloves.

88
Q

TB Isolation

A

Prevents spread of TB. Mask, gown if necessary

89
Q

Drainage/secretion Isolation

A

Prevents spread of infection through direct contact. Gown and gloves needed.

90
Q

Protective (reverse) Isolation

A

For patient’s who have low immunities to disease because of other health related problems. Gown, gloves, and mask needed.

91
Q

When taking universal or isolation precautions and wearing a gown, gloves and mask, remove garments in order of…

A

Gloves first, then gown, then mask. Promptly wash hands

92
Q

When radiographing an isolated patient, place lead apron…

A

Under your protective gown.

Patient Care (5 decks)

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