Infection Control - Chapter 5 Flashcards
1
Q
Antibiotics
A
Soluble substances derived from a mold or bacterium that kills or inhibits growth of other microorganisms
2
Q
Antifungal
A
Kills or inhibits fungi or their growth or reproduction
3
Q
Antimicrobial Drugs
A
Drugs that tend to destroy microbes or prevent their multiplication
4
Q
Arthropod vector
A
In the family of Arthropoda, which includes spiders, mites, ticks, and mosquitoes; can transmit infection to man or animals
Examples: Typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever
5
Q
Attenuated Vaccine
A
A weakened or dilute solution of microbes
6
Q
Bacteria
A
Colorless, minute, one celled organisms with a typical nucleus.
7
Q
Broad Spectrum Antimicrobial Drug
A
A drug effective against a wide variety of different microorganisms
8
Q
Carrier
A
A person or animal that harbors a particular infectious agent and does not have a clinical disease but is able to transmit the disease to others
9
Q
Cilia
A
Mobile extensions of a cell surface
10
Q
Cytomegalovirus Infections
A
A group of viruses in the Herpesviridae family
11
Q
Encephalopathy
A
A disorder of the brain
12
Q
Enterotoxigenic
A
Organism that produces toxins specific for cells in the intestinal tract. Example: certain strains of E. Coli that are extremely virulent and may cause a severe cholera-like ID
13
Q
Fecal-oral route
A
Disease passed from one person who has poor hand washing hygiene to another through food touched by the former following stool elimination
14
Q
Fungi
A
Cells that require oxygenated environment to live; may be either yeasts or molds
15
Q
Genetic predisposition
A
Inherited potential through the genetic transmission for a particular illness or characteristic.
Mutant prions may be present
16
Q
Helminths
A
Parasitic worms (Helminths) that may live in the human intestinal tract for long periods if not treated (flatworms and roundworms)
Common diseases include pinworm and tapeworm
17
Q
Immune
A
Free from acquiring a particular infectious disease
18
Q
Immune suppressed
A
Persons whose immunity is prohibited for physiologic reasons
19
Q
Infectious disease
A
A disease capable of being passed from one person to another. Caused by both eukaryotic and prokaryotic microorganisms
20
Q
Nucleoid
A
A part of a nucleolus (a nuclear inclusion body
21
Q
Parasite
A
An organism that lives in or on another and draws its nourishment from that on which it lives
22
Q
Pathogenicity
A
The ability to cause disease
23
Q
Percutaneous injection
A
Passage through the skin by needle puncture including introduction of wires and catheters
24
Q
Prion
A
An infectious particle of non-nucleic acid composition; must mutate to become infectious
25
Psuedomembranous colitis
Formation and passage of pseudomembranous material due to infection by clostridium difficile
26
Retention urinary catheters
Tubes that are placed in the urinary bladder and fixed in place for a period of time
27
Sepsis
The presence of pus-forming and other pathogenic organisms
28
Sterile
Free of all living microorganisms
29
Vascular access devices
Catheters or needles that are able to enter the blood vessels
30
Virulent
Extremely toxic
31
Viruses
Minute microbes that cannot be seen under an ordinary microscope; the smallest microorganism known to produce disease.
Ex: Influenza, common cold, mumps, measles, HIV, and Hep A, B, C, D, and E
32
Nosocomial Infections
Infection acquired in medical care. Also includes infections contracted at birth by infants or infected mothers
33
Iatrogenic Infection
A nosocomial infection that results from a particular treatment or therapeutic procedure (may not develop symptoms until leaving the health care environment
34
Community-acquired infection
A person who enters a health care facility with an infection
35
Exogenous Infections
Infections contracted from another person
36
Endogenous nosocomial infection
When a person acquires an infection in the HC setting as a result of an over growth of normal flora. Can be treated with broad spec antibiotics
37
Common sites of nosocomial infections
The bloodstream and urinary tract
38
3 Domains of Cellular Organisms
Bacteria, archaea, and eucarya
39
Factors that encourage nosocomial infections
Environment, therapeutic regimen, equipment and contamination during medical procedures
40
Factors that increase the potential for nosocomial infection
Age, heredity, nutritional status, stress, inadequate rest and excercise, personal habits, health history, and inadequate defenses
41
Areas of the body that are considered sterile
Brain, blood, bone, heart, and vascular system
42
Endospore
Gram-pos bacteria are able to form this highly resistant structure which encases genetic material in the cell and allows bacteria to survive. More difficult to destroy
43
Aerobes
Bacteria that survive only in an oxygen environment
44
Anaerobes
Bacteria unable to live in the presence of oxygen
45
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Most often resulting from a mutant infectious prion. Transmitted to humans by eating infected meat. Also known as Mad Cow Disease
46
Elements Needed To Transmit Infection
1. An infectious agent.
2. An environment in which pathogenic microbes can live and multiply
3. A portal from which to exit the reservoir (nose, mouth, etc)
4. A means of transmission (direct or indirect contact, droplet, vehicle
5. A portal of entry into a new host
47
Virulence
The causative organism’s ability to grow and multiply with speed
48
Indirect Contact
Defined as the transfer of pathogenic microbes by touching objects that have been contaminated by an infected person.
49
Direct Contact
When a person or animal with a disease or his/her blood or body fluids are touched
50
Vehicles
Transport infection; include food, water, drugs, or blood contaminated
51
Means of Transmission
1. Direct Contact
2. Indirect Contact
3. Droplet
4. Vehicle
5. Airborne
6. Vector
52
Toxoid Vaccine
Made from inactivated, nontoxic exotoxin of a pathogenic microbe
53
Line of Defense
The Immune System.
Recognizes antigens (foreign organic substances that invade the body) which induce it to create antibodies.
1. First Line of Defense includes skin, hair, acidic conditions of the stomach.
2. Second Line of Defense is the inflammatory response
3. Third Line of Defense is the Antigen-Antibody Response
54
Process of Infection
1. Incubation Stage
2. Prodromal Stage
3. Full Disease Stage
4. Convalescent Stage
55
Incubation Stage
Pathogen enters and then begins to produce nonspecific symptoms of disease
56
Prodromal Stage
Second stage. More specific symptoms; microorganisms increase and disease becomes highly infectious
57
Full Disease Stage
Third Stage of Infection. Disease reaches fullest extent or in some cases, produces only vague symptoms. Continues to be highly infectious
58
Convalescent Stage
Fourth stage of Infection. Symptoms diminish and eventually disappear. Some diseases disappear but the microbe that caused it go into a latent phase. Examples include Malaria, TB, and Herpes infections
59
MRSA
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus. Must be assumed all patient’s may be carriers of it. Transmitted by direct and indirect contact
60
VRSA
Vancomycin-Resistant S. Aureus.
61
VRE
Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus. Enterococcus is part of the normal flora in the GI tract but capable of causing disease when it affects blood, urine, or wounds. Resistant to normal hand washing and difficult to remove
62
What is thought to be the second most causative microbe for nosocomial infections?
VRE (Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus)
63
Bacteremia and Fungemia
Result of Bacteria or Fungi in the bloodstream. Results of microbes entering blood by way of VAD
64
Clostridium Difficle
Antibiotics disrupt the normal flora of the intestinal tract. Frequent cause of nosocomial infections. Results in pseudomembranous colitis which can produce profound sepsis
65
ESBL
Extended-Spectrum B-Lactamase. Threat to treatment by antibiotic therapy. B-lactamase is a type of enzyme produced by some bacteria that is responsible for their resistance to antibiotics like penicillin.
66
Medical Asepsis
Microorganisms have been eliminated through use of soap, water, friction, and various chemical disinfectants. Does not kill spores. Prevents spread of microorganisms.
67
Surgical Asepsis
Microorganisms and their spores have been completely destroyed by means of heat or by a chemical process.
68
OSHA
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Federal agency that protects workers and students from work related illnesses and injuries, inspects work sites, and enforces regulations concerning workplace safety.
69
Standard Precautions (Tier 1)
Published by the CDC. To be used at all times when caring for a patient. Based on the assumption that every patient has the potential of having an infectious disease. Use PPE as needed to protect health care workers when exposure to blood or certain body fluids is probable (blood, semen, vaginal secretions, cerebrospinal, pleural, peritoneal, synovial, pericardial, and amniotic fluid)
70
Disinfection
A term used to describe the removal by mechanical or chemical processes of pathogenic microorganisms (not their spores) from objects or surfaces.
71
Antisepsis
The process of using antiseptics to eliminate microorganisms
72
Antiseptic
Antimicrobial substances applied to living tissue to reduce infection
73
Transmission-Based Precautions (Tier 2)
Designed to place a barrier to the spread of highly infectious diseases between persons with such diseases and the persons caring for them. Designed around the three modes of transmission (airborne, droplet, and Contact). Also known as category specific guidelines
74
Airborne Isolation
Private room, negative air pressure ventilation, and an N95 respirator mask for health care workers; a surgical mask for visitors; doors closed.
Standard Precautions
A surgical mask for a patient to be transferred within the hospital
75
Droplet Isolation
Happens when a patient sneezes, coughs, etc. Not spread more than 3 feet.
Private room or a room with another person infected with the same disease; door may be left open.
A mask for any procedure that requires less than 3ft in proximity to the infected
Standard Precautions
76
Contact Isolation
A private room or with another person with same disease if patient cannot be relied on to maintain adequate precautions or is too young to do so
Gloves to be worn by workers before entering and removed before leaving
Wearing a gown
Careful handling of materials to prevent cross contamination
Equipment used in patient’s room must stay in room
77
Diseases spread by airborne route
SARS, smallpox, TB, chicken pox (varicella), and rubeola
78
Diseases spread by droplet route
Influenza, rubella, mumps, pertussis (whooping cough), most pneumonias, diphtheria, pharyngitis, scarlet fever, and meningococcal meningitis
79
Diseases spread by Contact
Gastrointestinal infectious diseases, Hep A, herpes simplex, herpes zoster, impetigo, scabes, lice, Ebola
80
Methods of Sterilization
1. Pressurized Steam
2. Gas
3. Ionizing Radiation (Cobalt 60)
81
Fomite
Inanimate object that spreads infection
82
Vector
Living non-human that spreads infection
83
Portions of a sterile gown that are considered sterile
The front and sleeves above the waist
84
Strict Isolation
Prevents spread of infection through air droplets and Contact. Gown, gloves, mask needed
85
Contact Isolation
Prevents spread of infection through direct contact. Gowns, gloves, mask
86
Respiratory Isolation
Prevents spread of infection through droplets. Mask needed
87
Enteric Isolation
Prevents spread of infection through direct or indirect contact with feces. Gown and gloves.
88
TB Isolation
Prevents spread of TB. Mask, gown if necessary
89
Drainage/secretion Isolation
Prevents spread of infection through direct contact. Gown and gloves needed.
90
Protective (reverse) Isolation
For patient’s who have low immunities to disease because of other health related problems. Gown, gloves, and mask needed.
91
When taking universal or isolation precautions and wearing a gown, gloves and mask, remove garments in order of...
Gloves first, then gown, then mask. Promptly wash hands
92
When radiographing an isolated patient, place lead apron...
Under your protective gown.
