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NURSING FUNDAMENTALS > Infection Control Ch12 > Flashcards

Infection Control Ch12 Flashcards

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0
Q

How to prevent illness or disease?

A

Inhibit or stop the growth and reproduction of microorganism a

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1
Q

What causes infections?

A

Microorganisms

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2
Q

The method of aseptic technique initiated by who? And what did it help?

A

Joseph lister

Helped reduce morbidity and mortality from surgery and wound care

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3
Q

What is lister known as?

A

The father of aseptic technique

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4
Q

Microorganisms

A

Any tiny, usually microscopic, entity capable of carrying on living process

Are naturally present on and in the human body, as well as in the environment.

Many are harmless (nonpathogenic) and in most individuals don’t produce disease

But if an individual is highly susceptible to infection, it’s possible for the nonpathogenic micro organisms to be dangerous

Some microorganisms are pathogens that do cause specific diseases or infection

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5
Q

Infection prevention and control

A

Consists of the implementation of policies and procedures in hospitals and other health care facilities to minimize the spread of health care associated or community acquired infections to patients and other staff members

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6
Q

Asepsis

A

Absence of pathogenic microorganisms

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7
Q

What is asepsis is decided Into what two categories?

A
  1. Medical asepsis

2. Surgical sepsis

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8
Q

Medical asepsis

A

Consists of techniques that inhibit the growth and spread of pathogenic microorganisms.
Also know as clean technique
Used in many daily activities
Such as hand hygiene, changing patients bed linen

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9
Q

Surgical asepsis

A

Destroys all microorganisms and their spores
Known as sterile technique
Used in specialized areas or skills, such as care of surgical wounds, urinary catheter insertion, invasive procedures and surgery

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10
Q

Spores

A

The reproductive cell of some microorganisms such as fungi or Protozoa

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11
Q

Definite cycle of chain of events (6)

A
  1. Infectious agent- a pathogen
  2. Reservoir- where the pathogen can grow
  3. Exit route from reservoir
  4. Method of vehicle of transportation, such as exudate, feces, air droplets, hands, and needles
  5. Entrance through skin, mucous lining or mouth
  6. Host - another person or animal

To prevent the spread of a microorganism, the cycle must be interrupted

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12
Q

Disinfection

A

Te use of a chemical that can be applied to objects to destroy microorganisms

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13
Q

Antiseptic

A

A substance that tends to inhibit the growth and reproduction of microorganisms- may be used on humans), and sterilizing

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14
Q

Bacteria

3 basic shapes

A

Has many different characteristic

Three basis shapes: round, Oblong, and spiral

Some bacteria form a specialized structure called a spore

Single cell organism

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15
Q

Aerobic

A

Bacteria grow only in the presence of oxygen

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16
Q

Anaerobic

A

Bacteria grow only on the absence of oxygen

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17
Q

Stain test takes how long to complete?

A

48-72 hours

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18
Q

Streptococcus bacterium

A

Responsible for more diseases than any other organism but methicillin resistant

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19
Q

Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

A

Growing in number and is responsible for a number of serious and sometimes fatal infections, such as necrotizing MRSA pneumonia

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20
Q

Rocky Mountain spotted fever

A

Has been found in almost every area of the U.S. and its prevalence seems to be increasing

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21
Q

Anthrax

A

Spore forming bacterium

Occurs more commonly in animals, but it also has the ability to infect humans

Most likely routes of infection are breathing in the spores or spore contact with skin

vaccination is recommended for those at high risk of exposure

If left untreated can be fatal

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22
Q

Rickettsia rickettsii

A

Wood tick

Rocky Mountain spotted fever

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23
Q

Viruses

A

Smallest known agents to cause disease

Consist of a protein coat around a nucleic acid core and depend on the metabolic processes of the cell they enter

Ability to pass through a laboratory filter

Known as filterable viruses

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24
Q

Viruses entrance to the body through various portals: (3)

A

respiratory tract
Gastrointestinal tract
Broken skin resulting from an animal bite

Sometimes the virus is injected by a mosquito or hypodermic needle

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25
Q

Fungi

A

Among the most common diseases found in humans

Ringworm (dermatomycosis) 
In children- affected is the scalp
Mens beards (barbers itch)
Feet (athletes foot) 
Domestic pets sometimes have ringworm
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26
Q

Protozoa

A

Single called animals
Exist everywhere In nature

Responsible for malaria, amebic dysentery, and African sleeping sickness

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27
Q

Reservoir

A

Any natural habitat of a microorganism that promotes growth and reproduction

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28
Q

Carrier or vector

A

A person or animal who does not become ill but harbors and spreads an organism, causing disease in others

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29
Q

Exit route

A

A microorganism doesn’t have the capacity to cause disease in another host without finding a point of escape from the reservoir

Gastrointestinal 
Respiratory
Genitourinary systems
Blood
Wounds
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30
Q

Contaminated vehicle

A

By which microorganisms are carried about and transported to the next host, once they have left the reservoir contamination means a condition of being soiled, stained, touched by or otherwise exposed to harmful agents

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31
Q

Vector

A

If the vehicle is a living carrier

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32
Q

Fomite

A

If the vehicle is an inanimate (nonliving) object

Computers
Medical records
Charts
Used tissues
Drinking glasses
Needles
Soiled dressings
33
Q

Entrance of microorganisms

A

Once the microorganism has exited the reservoir and has been transmitted to a susceptible host, it had to find a way to enter

When the hosts defense mechanisms are reduced the microorganism has a greater chance to enter

34
Q

Entrance and exit routes

And methods used to prevent and control are what?

A

Similar

35
Q

What is the first line of defense

A

The skin
Keep intact
Lunricated
And clean

36
Q

Host

A

An organism in which another usually parasitic organism is nourished and harbored

Infection will not develop u less a person is susceptible to the microorganisms strength and numbers

Immunizations have proven effective in reducing susceptibility to infectious disease

37
Q

Incubation period

A

Interval between entrance of pathogen and Appearance of first symptoms

38
Q

Prodromal stage

A

Interval from nonspecific signs and symptoms to more specific symptoms

39
Q

Illness stage

A

Manifests signs and symptoms specific to type of infection

40
Q

Convalescence

A

Symptoms of infection disappear

41
Q

Resolution safe

A

Infection is totally gone

42
Q

What is a Localized infection

A

Superficial wound infection

43
Q

If the infection is localized

A

Proper care controls the spread and minimizes the illness

44
Q

Systemic infection

A

An infection that affects the entire body

Potential to become fatal

45
Q

Inflammatory response

A

Te body’s response to injury or infection at the cellular legal is inflammation

Protective vascular reaction that delivers fluid, blood products and nutrients to interstitial tissues in the area of an injury

46
Q

The process of inflammatory response

A

Neutralizes and eliminates pathogens or necrotic (dead) tissues and establishes a means of repairing body cells and tissues

47
Q

Signs of inflammation (6)

A 
Edema (swelling)
Rubor (redness) 
Heat 
Pain
Tenderness 
Loss of function in the affected body part
48
Q

Signs and symptoms of inflammation that becomes systemic

A 
Fever
Leukocytosis
Malaise
Anorexia
Nausea
Vomiting
Lymph node enlargement
49
Q

What is the inflammatory response triggered by

A

Physical agents
Chemical agents
Microorganism

50
Q

Examples of physical agents (3)

A

Mechanical trauma
Temperature extremes
Radiation

51
Q

Examples of chemical agents (3)

A

External and internal irritants
Harsh positions
Gastric acid

52
Q

Inflammatory response sometimes occurs in the absence of

A

An infectious process

53
Q

Health care associated infection (HAI)

A

HAI require that the infection manifests at least 48 hours after hospitalization or contact with another health agency

Hospitals harbor microorganisms that are often highly virulent

HAI necessitate longer hospital stays for the patient but also increase costs for both the patient and the hospital

54
Q

Virulent

A

Of or pertaining to a highly pathogenic or rapidly progressive condition

55
Q

Exogenous

A

Growing outside the body

Infection is caused by microorganisms from another person

56
Q

Endogenous

A

Growing within the body
Infection is caused by the patients own normal microorganisms, which become altered and overthrow of are transferred from one body site to another

57
Q

Infection preventionist

A

Specially trained in infection prevention and control

They are responsible for advising hospital personnel on the development and implementation of safe patient care delivery practices and for monitoring infection outbreaks within health care agency

58
Q

Occupational health service

A

Role in prevention or the control of an infection in a health care setting by taking measures to protect the health care worker Nd patients from certain infections

59
Q

centers for disease control and prevention (CDC)

A

Part of the U.S. Department of health and human services, provides facilities Nd services for investigation, prevention, and control of disease

60
Q

The goal of the CDC guidelines

A

to interrupt the chain of infection and reduce transmission of blood borne pathogens and other potentially infectious materials from moist body substances
They apply to blood, all body fluids, no intact skin, mucous membranes

61
Q

Standard precautions

A

Hand hygiene
Gloves
Mask, eye protection, face shield
Grown

62
Q

Disposing of contaminated equipment

A

The disposal of contaminated materials also comes under the review of the infection preventionist and the infection prevention and control committee

63
Q

Where do you dispose sharps

A

Puncture proof containers i who which health care workers place used disposable needles, syringes and other sharps

64
Q

Double bagging

A

An infection control practice that involves placing a bag of contaminated items into another, clean bag that is held outside an isolation room by other personnel

65
Q

When foes the CDC recommend double bagging?

A

When it is impossible to keep the outer surface of a single bag from from contamination

66
Q

Isolation technique

A

Two tiers of approach

  1. STANDARD PRECAUTION: Precautions designed to care for all patients in health care facilities regardless of their diagnosis or presumed infectiousness
  2. Condenses the disease specific and categories approach to isolation into new transmission categories : airborne, droplet, and contact precautions
67
Q

Airborne precautions

A

Suspected to have serious illness transmitted by airborne droplet nuclei

Tuberculosis

68
Q

Droplet precautions

A

Illness transmitted by large particle droplets

Pneumonic plague

69
Q

Contact precautions

A

Illness easily transmitted by direct patient contact of by contact with items in the patients environment

Scabies

70
Q

Surgical asepsis

A

Consists of maintaining the absence of all microorganisms

Although surgical asepsis is practiced in the operating room, the labor and delivery area, and major diagnostic or procedure areas, you will also sometimes use surgical aseptic techniques at the patients bedside
Ex/ when you insert IVs or urinary catheters

71
Q

In an operating room, follow sterile techniques including

A

Donning a mask, protective eye wear, and a cap
Performing surgical hand hygiene
And donning a sterile gown and gloves

72
Q

Prepare the patient before any procedure

What should you tell them to teach them how to avoid contaminating sterile items (3)

A
  • try not to make sudden movements of body parts covered by sterile drapes
  • refrain from touching sterile supplies, drapes, or the nurses gloves and gown
  • avoid coughing, sneezing, or talking over a sterile area
73
Q

Sterile items such as syringes, gauze dressings, and catheters are packaged in what?

A

Paper or plastic containers that are impervious (unable to penetrated) to microorganisms as long as they are dry and intact

74
Q

How do you know expiration date of sterile supplies

A

The have dated labels of chemical tapes and indicate that

75
Q

When should a sterile item not be used?

A

If the integrity of the sterile package is questionable

76
Q

Preparing a sterile field

A

Prepare the field by using the inner surface of a sterile wrapper as the work surface or by using a sterile drape

77
Q

Putting sterile solutions

A

A bottle containing a sterile solution is sterile on the inside and contaminated on the outside
The bottles neck is also contaminated but inside of the bottle cap is sterile

Before pouring the solution into the container “lip” the bottle by pouring a small amount (1-2 ml) into a disposable cup or plastic lined waste receptacle and discarding it.

The poured solution cleans the lip of the bottle. Keep the edge of the bottle from touching from the edge of the inside of the receiving container, which is unsterile

Pour the solution slowly

78
Q

closed gloving

A

Is practice when the nurse wears a sterile gown

Keep hands covered with the gown sleeves as you open the inner sterile glove package.
Grasp back of dominant hands glove cuff with nobdominant hand and stretch over end of dominant hands sleeve.
Glove nobdominant hand in same manner
Use gloves dominant hand to pull on glove, keeping nobdominant hand inside sleeve until it emerged into glove

79
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

Antiseptics
Bacterio means microorganism
Static means referring to that which cannot move or grow

80
Q

Cleaning

A

The removal of foreign materials, such as soul and organic material, from objects
Involves use of water and mechanical action with or without detergents

It is necessary to throughly clean reusable objects and then either disinfect or sterilize them before reuse

When cleaning equipment that is soiled by organic material such as blood, decal matter, mucus, or pus, put on a mask and protective eyewear or goggles and waterproof gloves

81
Q

Disinfection

A

Used to destroy microorganisms however it doesn’t destroy spores
Solutions used are called disinfectants or possibly bactericidal solutions

These solutions are too strong for human skin to tolerate and are used only on inanimate objects

NURSING FUNDAMENTALS (11 decks)

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