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NURSING FUNDAMENTALS > Infection Control Ch12 > Flashcards

Infection Control Ch12 Flashcards

0
Q

How to prevent illness or disease?

A

Inhibit or stop the growth and reproduction of microorganism a

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1
Q

What causes infections?

A

Microorganisms

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2
Q

The method of aseptic technique initiated by who? And what did it help?

A

Joseph lister

Helped reduce morbidity and mortality from surgery and wound care

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3
Q

What is lister known as?

A

The father of aseptic technique

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4
Q

Microorganisms

A

Any tiny, usually microscopic, entity capable of carrying on living process

Are naturally present on and in the human body, as well as in the environment.

Many are harmless (nonpathogenic) and in most individuals don’t produce disease

But if an individual is highly susceptible to infection, it’s possible for the nonpathogenic micro organisms to be dangerous

Some microorganisms are pathogens that do cause specific diseases or infection

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5
Q

Infection prevention and control

A

Consists of the implementation of policies and procedures in hospitals and other health care facilities to minimize the spread of health care associated or community acquired infections to patients and other staff members

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6
Q

Asepsis

A

Absence of pathogenic microorganisms

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7
Q

What is asepsis is decided Into what two categories?

A
  1. Medical asepsis

2. Surgical sepsis

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8
Q

Medical asepsis

A

Consists of techniques that inhibit the growth and spread of pathogenic microorganisms.
Also know as clean technique
Used in many daily activities
Such as hand hygiene, changing patients bed linen

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9
Q

Surgical asepsis

A

Destroys all microorganisms and their spores
Known as sterile technique
Used in specialized areas or skills, such as care of surgical wounds, urinary catheter insertion, invasive procedures and surgery

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10
Q

Spores

A

The reproductive cell of some microorganisms such as fungi or Protozoa

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11
Q

Definite cycle of chain of events (6)

A
  1. Infectious agent- a pathogen
  2. Reservoir- where the pathogen can grow
  3. Exit route from reservoir
  4. Method of vehicle of transportation, such as exudate, feces, air droplets, hands, and needles
  5. Entrance through skin, mucous lining or mouth
  6. Host - another person or animal

To prevent the spread of a microorganism, the cycle must be interrupted

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12
Q

Disinfection

A

Te use of a chemical that can be applied to objects to destroy microorganisms

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13
Q

Antiseptic

A

A substance that tends to inhibit the growth and reproduction of microorganisms- may be used on humans), and sterilizing

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14
Q

Bacteria

3 basic shapes

A

Has many different characteristic

Three basis shapes: round, Oblong, and spiral

Some bacteria form a specialized structure called a spore

Single cell organism

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15
Q

Aerobic

A

Bacteria grow only in the presence of oxygen

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16
Q

Anaerobic

A

Bacteria grow only on the absence of oxygen

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17
Q

Stain test takes how long to complete?

A

48-72 hours

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18
Q

Streptococcus bacterium

A

Responsible for more diseases than any other organism but methicillin resistant

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19
Q

Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

A

Growing in number and is responsible for a number of serious and sometimes fatal infections, such as necrotizing MRSA pneumonia

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20
Q

Rocky Mountain spotted fever

A

Has been found in almost every area of the U.S. and its prevalence seems to be increasing

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21
Q

Anthrax

A

Spore forming bacterium

Occurs more commonly in animals, but it also has the ability to infect humans

Most likely routes of infection are breathing in the spores or spore contact with skin

vaccination is recommended for those at high risk of exposure

If left untreated can be fatal

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22
Q

Rickettsia rickettsii

A

Wood tick

Rocky Mountain spotted fever

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23
Q

Viruses

A

Smallest known agents to cause disease

Consist of a protein coat around a nucleic acid core and depend on the metabolic processes of the cell they enter

Ability to pass through a laboratory filter

Known as filterable viruses

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24
Viruses entrance to the body through various portals: (3)
respiratory tract Gastrointestinal tract Broken skin resulting from an animal bite Sometimes the virus is injected by a mosquito or hypodermic needle
25
Fungi
Among the most common diseases found in humans ``` Ringworm (dermatomycosis) In children- affected is the scalp Mens beards (barbers itch) Feet (athletes foot) Domestic pets sometimes have ringworm ```
26
Protozoa
Single called animals Exist everywhere In nature Responsible for malaria, amebic dysentery, and African sleeping sickness
27
Reservoir
Any natural habitat of a microorganism that promotes growth and reproduction
28
Carrier or vector
A person or animal who does not become ill but harbors and spreads an organism, causing disease in others
29
Exit route
A microorganism doesn't have the capacity to cause disease in another host without finding a point of escape from the reservoir ``` Gastrointestinal Respiratory Genitourinary systems Blood Wounds ```
30
Contaminated vehicle
By which microorganisms are carried about and transported to the next host, once they have left the reservoir contamination means a condition of being soiled, stained, touched by or otherwise exposed to harmful agents
31
Vector
If the vehicle is a living carrier
32
Fomite
If the vehicle is an inanimate (nonliving) object ``` Computers Medical records Charts Used tissues Drinking glasses Needles Soiled dressings ```
33
Entrance of microorganisms
Once the microorganism has exited the reservoir and has been transmitted to a susceptible host, it had to find a way to enter When the hosts defense mechanisms are reduced the microorganism has a greater chance to enter
34
Entrance and exit routes | And methods used to prevent and control are what?
Similar
35
What is the first line of defense
The skin Keep intact Lunricated And clean
36
Host
An organism in which another usually parasitic organism is nourished and harbored Infection will not develop u less a person is susceptible to the microorganisms strength and numbers Immunizations have proven effective in reducing susceptibility to infectious disease
37
Incubation period
Interval between entrance of pathogen and Appearance of first symptoms
38
Prodromal stage
Interval from nonspecific signs and symptoms to more specific symptoms
39
Illness stage
Manifests signs and symptoms specific to type of infection
40
Convalescence
Symptoms of infection disappear
41
Resolution safe
Infection is totally gone
42
What is a Localized infection
Superficial wound infection
43
If the infection is localized
Proper care controls the spread and minimizes the illness
44
Systemic infection
An infection that affects the entire body Potential to become fatal
45
Inflammatory response
Te body's response to injury or infection at the cellular legal is inflammation Protective vascular reaction that delivers fluid, blood products and nutrients to interstitial tissues in the area of an injury
46
The process of inflammatory response
Neutralizes and eliminates pathogens or necrotic (dead) tissues and establishes a means of repairing body cells and tissues
47
Signs of inflammation (6)
``` Edema (swelling) Rubor (redness) Heat Pain Tenderness Loss of function in the affected body part ```
48
Signs and symptoms of inflammation that becomes systemic
``` Fever Leukocytosis Malaise Anorexia Nausea Vomiting Lymph node enlargement ```
49
What is the inflammatory response triggered by
Physical agents Chemical agents Microorganism
50
Examples of physical agents (3)
Mechanical trauma Temperature extremes Radiation
51
Examples of chemical agents (3)
External and internal irritants Harsh positions Gastric acid
52
Inflammatory response sometimes occurs in the absence of
An infectious process
53
Health care associated infection (HAI)
HAI require that the infection manifests at least 48 hours after hospitalization or contact with another health agency Hospitals harbor microorganisms that are often highly virulent HAI necessitate longer hospital stays for the patient but also increase costs for both the patient and the hospital
54
Virulent
Of or pertaining to a highly pathogenic or rapidly progressive condition
55
Exogenous
Growing outside the body | Infection is caused by microorganisms from another person
56
Endogenous
Growing within the body Infection is caused by the patients own normal microorganisms, which become altered and overthrow of are transferred from one body site to another
57
Infection preventionist
Specially trained in infection prevention and control They are responsible for advising hospital personnel on the development and implementation of safe patient care delivery practices and for monitoring infection outbreaks within health care agency
58
Occupational health service
Role in prevention or the control of an infection in a health care setting by taking measures to protect the health care worker Nd patients from certain infections
59
centers for disease control and prevention (CDC)
Part of the U.S. Department of health and human services, provides facilities Nd services for investigation, prevention, and control of disease
60
The goal of the CDC guidelines
to interrupt the chain of infection and reduce transmission of blood borne pathogens and other potentially infectious materials from moist body substances They apply to blood, all body fluids, no intact skin, mucous membranes
61
Standard precautions
Hand hygiene Gloves Mask, eye protection, face shield Grown
62
Disposing of contaminated equipment
The disposal of contaminated materials also comes under the review of the infection preventionist and the infection prevention and control committee
63
Where do you dispose sharps
Puncture proof containers i who which health care workers place used disposable needles, syringes and other sharps
64
Double bagging
An infection control practice that involves placing a bag of contaminated items into another, clean bag that is held outside an isolation room by other personnel
65
When foes the CDC recommend double bagging?
When it is impossible to keep the outer surface of a single bag from from contamination
66
Isolation technique
Two tiers of approach 1. STANDARD PRECAUTION: Precautions designed to care for all patients in health care facilities regardless of their diagnosis or presumed infectiousness 2. Condenses the disease specific and categories approach to isolation into new transmission categories : airborne, droplet, and contact precautions
67
Airborne precautions
Suspected to have serious illness transmitted by airborne droplet nuclei Tuberculosis
68
Droplet precautions
Illness transmitted by large particle droplets Pneumonic plague
69
Contact precautions
Illness easily transmitted by direct patient contact of by contact with items in the patients environment Scabies
70
Surgical asepsis
Consists of maintaining the absence of all microorganisms Although surgical asepsis is practiced in the operating room, the labor and delivery area, and major diagnostic or procedure areas, you will also sometimes use surgical aseptic techniques at the patients bedside Ex/ when you insert IVs or urinary catheters
71
In an operating room, follow sterile techniques including
Donning a mask, protective eye wear, and a cap Performing surgical hand hygiene And donning a sterile gown and gloves
72
Prepare the patient before any procedure | What should you tell them to teach them how to avoid contaminating sterile items (3)
- try not to make sudden movements of body parts covered by sterile drapes - refrain from touching sterile supplies, drapes, or the nurses gloves and gown - avoid coughing, sneezing, or talking over a sterile area
73
Sterile items such as syringes, gauze dressings, and catheters are packaged in what?
Paper or plastic containers that are impervious (unable to penetrated) to microorganisms as long as they are dry and intact
74
How do you know expiration date of sterile supplies
The have dated labels of chemical tapes and indicate that
75
When should a sterile item not be used?
If the integrity of the sterile package is questionable
76
Preparing a sterile field
Prepare the field by using the inner surface of a sterile wrapper as the work surface or by using a sterile drape
77
Putting sterile solutions
A bottle containing a sterile solution is sterile on the inside and contaminated on the outside The bottles neck is also contaminated but inside of the bottle cap is sterile Before pouring the solution into the container "lip" the bottle by pouring a small amount (1-2 ml) into a disposable cup or plastic lined waste receptacle and discarding it. The poured solution cleans the lip of the bottle. Keep the edge of the bottle from touching from the edge of the inside of the receiving container, which is unsterile Pour the solution slowly
78
closed gloving
Is practice when the nurse wears a sterile gown Keep hands covered with the gown sleeves as you open the inner sterile glove package. Grasp back of dominant hands glove cuff with nobdominant hand and stretch over end of dominant hands sleeve. Glove nobdominant hand in same manner Use gloves dominant hand to pull on glove, keeping nobdominant hand inside sleeve until it emerged into glove
79
Bacteriostatic
Antiseptics Bacterio means microorganism Static means referring to that which cannot move or grow
80
Cleaning
The removal of foreign materials, such as soul and organic material, from objects Involves use of water and mechanical action with or without detergents It is necessary to throughly clean reusable objects and then either disinfect or sterilize them before reuse When cleaning equipment that is soiled by organic material such as blood, decal matter, mucus, or pus, put on a mask and protective eyewear or goggles and waterproof gloves
81
Disinfection
Used to destroy microorganisms however it doesn't destroy spores Solutions used are called disinfectants or possibly bactericidal solutions These solutions are too strong for human skin to tolerate and are used only on inanimate objects

NURSING FUNDAMENTALS (11 decks)

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