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NETS Level 2 Apprenticeship > Infection Control > Flashcards

Infection Control Flashcards

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1
Q

microbe/micro-organism

A

any organism which

is too small to be seen with the naked eye

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2
Q

pathogen

A

micro-organisms capable of causing disease

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3
Q

infection

A

pathological process which involves the damaging of body tissues by pathogens, or by the toxic substances produced by these pathogens

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4
Q

5 classifications of pathogenic organisms

A

virus, bacteria, fungus, protozoa, helminth

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5
Q

virus

A

much smaller than bacteria and although they may survive outside the body for a time, they can only grow inside body cells

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6
Q

virus treatment

A

viruses are not susceptible to antibiotics, but there are a few antiviral drugs available which are active against a limited number of viruses

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7
Q

bacteria

A

minute organisms about one thousandth to five thousandths of a millimetre across

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8
Q

bacteria treatment

A

susceptible to a greater or lesser extent to antibiotics

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9
Q

pathogenic fungi

A

can be either moulds or yeasts

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10
Q

ringworm

A

a mould that causes infections in humans, which can also infect nails

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11
Q

Candida albicans

A

aka thrush, a common yeast infection

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12
Q

protozoa

A

microscopic organisms, but are larger than bacteria

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13
Q

non-pathogenic protozoa

A

freeliving and non pathogenic protozoa include amoebae and paramecium

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14
Q

Giardia lamblia

A

protozoa, causes enteritis

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15
Q

malaria

A

protozoa, causes malaria

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16
Q

6 modes of spread of infection

A 
direct contact
indirect contact
inhalation
ingestion
faecal-oral
inoculation
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17
Q

spread of infection by direct contact

A

occurs when one person infects the next person by direct contact, i.e. via the skin, mucous membranes, or personal contact with contaminated body secretions/excretions

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18
Q

spread of infection by indirect contact

A

occurs when an intermediate carrier is involved in the spread of pathogenic microbes from the source of infection to another person

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19
Q

spread of infection by inhalation

A

occurs when microbes, exhaled or discharged into

the atmosphere by an infected person, are inhaled by and infect another person

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20
Q

spread of infection by ingestion

A

can occur when organisms capable of infecting
the gastrointestinal tract are ingested
When these organisms are excreted
faecally by an infected person, faecaloral spread may occur.

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21
Q

spread of infection by faecal-oral route

A

occurs when organisms are excreted by an infected person and make their way to be ingested by another

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22
Q

spread of infection by inoculation

A

can occur following a ‘sharps’ injury when, for
example, contaminated blood is inoculated into the
blood stream of the victim, thereby causing an infection

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23
Q

fomite

A

an object which becomes contaminated with infected

organisms, and which subsequently transmits those organisms to another person

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24
Q

vector

A

an animal, usually an insect, that passively transmits

pathogenic microbes

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25
Q

What is the most common vector in the UK?

A

the housefly

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26
Q

aerosol

A

droplet spread of infection causes inhalation spread of infectious disease

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27
Q

3 examples of pathogens spread by aerosol

A

chickenpox, mumps and measles

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28
Q

What are the most important vehicles of cross-infection?

A

hands

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29
Q

Define the chain of infection

A

the process by which infection can be spread from one

susceptible host to another

30
Q

causative organisms in the chain of infection

A

to break the chain of infection, the causative organisms must be destroyed or rendered harmless, e.g. the use of disposable equipment, or maintaining effective cleaning and disinfection procedures

31
Q

reservoir in the chain of infection

A

a member of staff, a patient, or dust may act as a reservoir, although close attention to cleaning procedures will help reduce this link

32
Q

portals of entry/exit in the chain of infection

A

the route by which a pathogen leaves its host is called the portal of exit, and the route by which it enters is called the portal of entry

33
Q

What are the main portals of entry?

A

respiratory tract
alimentary canal
skin/mucosa damage
placenta

34
Q

susceptible host in the chain of infection

A

the competence of the body’s innate and acquired defence mechanisms will affect whether or not illness occurs and the chain of infection may be broken at this point

35
Q

host defence mechanisms in chain of infection

A

non-specific defence mechanisms

specific defence mechanisms: specific immune mechanisms

36
Q

non-specific defence mechanisms

A

natural barriers which protect against invasion by pathogens eg skin

37
Q

specific defence mechanisms

A

specific immune mechanisms are activated if an organism is able to evade the nonspecific defence system
may not prevent an attack, but will ensure that a memory of the pathogen is retained so that the system can react quickly and destroy the pathogen when it is next encountered

38
Q

What is the most likely means of transmission of viruses to ambulance staff from patients?

A

direct percutaneous inoculation of infected blood, by a sharps injury or by blood splashing onto broken skin or mucous membrane

39
Q

body fluids at risk of containing pathogens

A 
faeces
urine
vomit
sputum
blood/blood-stained body fluids
vaginal secretions
semen
bodily tissues
CSF/plueral fluid/amniotic fluid/etc
40
Q

Who is a potential HIV or Hep B/C biohazard?

A

it is impossible to identify or categorise all those who are seropositive to HIV or Hepatitis B/C, so every
patient is a potential biohazard

41
Q

Universal Precautions: care of hands

A

all abrasions, cuts, open lesions etc., must be covered with an impermeable waterproof dressing prior to and during any period of duty

42
Q

Universal Precautions: personal hygiene

A

involves close and constant attention to personal hygiene standards, which if maintained will help minimise the risks from cross-infection, and will also impact on the professional and social standing of individuals, as well as promoting a competent and efficient image of the Service

43
Q

Universal Precautions: handwashing

A

recognised as the single most effective method for preventing the spread of infection: thorough washing of all surfaces of the hands using soap and running water; rinsed carefully; thorough drying with disposable paper towels

44
Q

fingernails

A

care should also be taken to ensure that fingernails are kept short and clean

45
Q

when to wash hands

A

-Before and after duty periods
. Before eating and drinking
. After visiting the lavatory
. After carrying out any cleaning procedure
. When hands are visibly dirty
. Before and after performing any invasive procedure
. When gloves are removed
. Before and after each patient contact (and/or after handling their belongings)
. After handling contaminated laundry and waste

46
Q

gloves and handwashing

A

the wearing of gloves does not preclude the need for
regular hand-washing because bacterial counts on hands multiply while gloves are being worn (also the possibility of the gloves becoming punctured during use)

47
Q

when to use alcohol gel

A

on the occasions when staff are unable to access handwashing facilities on either station or hospital premises, the alcohol hand disinfectant carried on the vehicle must be utilised

48
Q

when to use alcohol gel

A
  • on the occasions when staff are unable to access handwashing facilities on either station or hospital premises, the alcohol hand disinfectant carried on the vehicle must be utilised
  • prior to donning gloves in preparation to perform an invasive procedure
49
Q

when to wear protective clothing

A

the choice of protective clothing will depend on the anticipated risk of exposure to blood or body fluids during the particular activity intended, and staff must
use their judgement in determining the likely requirements in each case

50
Q

PPE provided by LAS to operational staff

A 
Disposable Latex Gloves (3 sizes)
Disposable Plastic Aprons
Disposable Face Masks
Safety Eyewear
Pocket Resuscitation Mask
51
Q

when to don gloves

A

it is important that gloves are worn for any activity where blood or body fluid may contaminate the hands, just prior to contact with the patient

52
Q

when to wear apron

A

whenever contamination of clothing with blood or body fluid is anticipated

53
Q

when to wear apron

A

whenever contamination of clothing with blood or body fluid is anticipated, during any cleaning activity, or on any occasion where the front of the uniform is at risk of being soiled

54
Q

spare uniform

A

staff must always ensure that they have at least one complete spare uniform
in their station locker, for the occasions when uniform contamination has been
unavoidable

55
Q

how to discard of used aprons

A

used aprons that have been contaminated should always be discarded as clinical waste, followed by a thorough washing of the hands

56
Q

when to use face mask

A
  • for illnesses caused by the more hazardous organisms found in Category 3
  • if there is a risk of blood or body fluid being splashed into the mouth
  • if the patient is prone to episodes of coughing or sneezing
57
Q

what PPE for suspected/confirmed pulmonary TB?

A

face masks, for both staff and pt

58
Q

Universal Precautions: breathing near pt

A

attempt to avoid breathing while in close proximity to a patient’s face, in order to help minimise the risk of
cross contamination

59
Q

when to wear safety eyewear

A

on any occasion where there is a risk of blood or body fluids coming into contact with the eyes, or when similar risks arise from activities such as vehicle or equipment cleaning

60
Q

when to wear safety eyewear

A

on any occasion where there is a risk of blood or body fluids coming into contact with the eyes, or when similar risks arise from activities such as vehicle or equipment cleaning
NOT intended for major chemical
incidents, or where physical impact damage could occur

61
Q

benefit of pocket mask

A

minimal risk of exposure to infection

62
Q

disposability of pocket mask

A

mask has been designed to be reusable, albeit the one-way valve is strictly for single patient use only, and should be carefully discarded as clinical waste

63
Q

intended use of pocket mask

A

to eliminate the need for mouth-to-mouth contact during resuscitation attempts, but should be replaced by the resuscitation pack at the earliest opportunity

64
Q

extra vehicle cleaning

A

the key source for the spread of infection emanates from contact with blood and body fluids, so areas where blood or body fluid contamination has occurred will require definitive cleaning and disinfection procedures

65
Q

How long can airborne pathogens survive outside of a host?

A

a few seconds

66
Q

vehicle exterior cleaning

A

should be maintained in a consistently clean and hygienic condition, vehicle wash facilities
are available on ambulance stations

67
Q

PPE when cleaning the vehicle exterior

A

eye protection and disposable aprons, particularly when using the manually operated vehicle wash systems; rubber household gloves, or even the heavy duty ‘debris’ gloves, should be worn in preference to the
normal latex disposable variety

68
Q

on the occasions where an exterior surface becomes contaminated with blood or body fluids

A

‘Cleaning System 1’ and ‘Disinfection System 2’ must be utilised to eradicate the potential source of infection, PPE worn throughout, disposed of into a yellow clinical waste bag

69
Q

interior vehicle cleaning

A
  • frequent and routine cleaning activities for all crew
  • each shift, all interior surfaces that become directly contaminated should be cleaned as soon as possible
  • regular ‘damp dusting’ throughout the
    shift, paying particularly attention to the horizontal surfaces in the ambulance, as well as all fixtures and fittings that are regularly handled
  • ambulance floor should be mopped clean on a regular basis throughout the shift using hot water and a general detergent
  • ‘Cleaning System 1’ as the primary cleaning agent, followed by the use of ‘Disinfection System 2’ if the contamination is likely to contain either blood or body fluids
70
Q

interior vehicle cleaning

A
  • each shift, all interior surfaces that become directly contaminated should be cleaned as soon as possible
  • regular ‘damp dusting’ throughout the
    shift, paying particularly attention to the horizontal surfaces in the ambulance, as well as all fixtures and fittings that are regularly handled
  • ambulance floor should be mopped clean on a regular basis throughout the shift using hot water and a general detergent
  • weekly comprehensive clean
  • ‘Cleaning System 1’ as the primary cleaning agent, followed by the use of ‘Disinfection System 2’ if the contamination is likely to contain either blood or body fluids
  • appropriate items of PPE worn, doors and windows opened

NETS Level 2 Apprenticeship (4 decks)

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