Infection Control Flashcards
3 parts to the chain of infection?
source of infection
transmission of infection
susceptible host
Source of infection?
patient, visitor, environment, staff, equipment
Transmission of infection?
- contact
- indirect
- droplet
- airborne
- blood and bodily fluids
- vector
Vector transmission?
-transmission through the bite of an infected species
Susceptible hosts?
- age
- immunosuppression
- no immunity
- chronic underlying conditions
- emergency procedures
Routine Practices?
-published in 1999
-involves the prevention and precautions against blood borne pathogens
-PIDAC- published in 2012
-determined by the interaction with he patient not by they patients diagnosis
-all bodily fluids are considered potentially infectious
-practice is determined by risk of encountering body substance not by diagnosis
based on the method of transmission as well
Proper hand hygiene steps?
-wet hands with warm water
-apply soap
-lather soap and rub hands
-rub b/w fingers and around them
-rub back of hands
-rub finger tips
-rub finger tips in opposite palm
-rub each thumb
rinse user water
pat hands dry with towel
turn off water with towel
Benefits of good hand hygiene?
- can terminate outbreaks
- reduce transmission of antimicrobial resistant organisms
- decrease infection rates
- decreases rate of HAI
4 moments for hand hygiene?
- before patient contact
- before procedure
- after exposure of bodily fluids
- after patient/ environmental contact
Gloves
- additional level of protections
- does not eliminate hand hygiene need
- reduces hand contamination by 70-80%
Mask and eye protection
-protect mucous membranes of the yes, nose, ears and mouth
Gowns
- when clothing likely soiled
- protect clothing during procedures
Routine Practices: accommodation, patient care equipment, environmental control?
Accommodation- single room not required unless patient soils environment
PCE- reusable equipment cleaned b/w patients
EC- cleaning of surfaces, furniture, high touch items
Exposure to blood: factors for risk of infection?
- pathogen involved
- type of exposure
- amount of blood involved
- amount of virus in blood
how are hep B, C and HIV transmitted
-blood
Risk of infection post exposure: Hep B, C and HIV
Hep B- 6-30% risk, but almost none if developed immunity and vaccinated
Hep C- 1.8% after cut or needle
HIV- 0.3% after needle stick, 0.1% after splashed to nose or mouth, less than 0.1% after skin exposure
Blood Borne Pathogens; risk prevention, elimination and reduction
prevention- vaccine, good health
elimination- disinfection, safe containment of blood
reduction- PPE
Assessing risk of transmission; the microbe
Microbe
- ability to survive
- low ineffective dose
- exist in carrier state?
- means of transmission
Assessing risk of transmission; source of patient
- diarrhea?
- need hands of care?
- poor hygiene?
- copious respiratory secretions
Assessing risk of transmission; patient care environment
- poor house keeping
- sharing equipment b/w patients
- multiple bed rooms
- patient/nurse ratio
Assessing risk of transmission; new susceptible host
- portals of entry
- immune status
- underlying conditions
- antibiotic therapy
Additional Precautions?
- based on transmission and when routine practices are insufficient
- droplet and airborne is highly transmissible
Examples of Airborne Transmitting diseases?
pulmonary TB
measles
rash with measles present
Airborne precautionary measures?
-single room
-closed door
6-9 air changes per day
-air from room is not recirculated
respirators that fit face
-patient doesn’t leave room unless it is essential
-patient wheres surgical mask as well
Droplet transmission; specific diseases/ symptoms
- brochettes
- bacterial meningitis
- pertussis
- resp. viruses
- influenza
- adenovirus
Droplet precautions?
- single room, preferred
- may cohort patients with same diagnosis
- keep 1-2 meters b/w bassinets in nurseries
- door kept open
- surgical mask
- eye protection
- gowns
- gloves
- patients leave room with gloves, mask and gown on
Contact transmission disease examples
C. diff
MRSA (antibiotic resistant bacteria)
VRE
Contact precautions
- gowns and gloves
- single room preferred
- clean environment
- patient transported with clean gown/sheet and complete hand hygiene
Healthy Workplace?
-don’t come to hospital is you have acute illness
-resp. infections
-GI, vomiting, diarrhea, skin rashes/ lesions
keep immunizations up to date
Acute care precautions
-hand washing, gloves, gown, masks
catheters, surgical incisions, open/ broken skin
Long term care precautions
- peg tubes, ulcers
- hand washing, gloves, mask, gown
Senior residences precautions
- self care, intact skin, able to follow directions
- hand washing, gloves, really gowns
