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Infection Control > Infection Control > Flashcards

Infection Control Flashcards

1
Q

Times when we need to wash our hands

A

Before we touch the patient (even our clothes, etc.)
Before aseptic procedure
After body fluid exposure risk
After patient (or patient environment) contact

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2
Q

Mircoorganism

A

A single cell and can only be seen with a microscope

Single celled organisms:
Bacteria
Protozoa (i.e. gardia – beaver fever)
Algae
Fungi (i.e. groin area, foot bacterial, athletes foot, vaginal yeast infection)

Probiotics can help better good bacteria in the gut.

Pathogens are detrimental
Viruses

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3
Q

If the infection can travel from one person to another it is called a communicable disease

Some non-pathogenic organisms can cause serious infections when introduced deep into the body, or they are immunocompromised

A
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4
Q

Chain of Infection

A

Infectious Agent
Reservoir
Portal of Exit
Mode of Transmission
Portal of Entry
Host

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5
Q

Infectious Agent

A

Resident microorganisms – considered permanent resident of the skin, where they survive and multiply without causing harm

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6
Q

BREAK Chain of infection

A

Use disinfectants, antiseptics, and antimicrobial drugs. Wash hands

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7
Q

Reservoir

A

Place where pathogens can live and multiply
I.e. Animals, food, water, insects and inanimate objects. They need food, oxygen, water, temperature (35-37 degrees), pH(pH of 5-8)

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8
Q

BREAK Chain of infection

A

Use disinfectants, antiseptics, and antimicrobial drugs. Wash hands

Isolate reservoir. Eradicate organism
perform hand hygiene

Control sources of body fluids and drainage

Dispose of soiled linens, dressings, etc.

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9
Q

Portal of Exit

A

Body Openings, breaks in skin and breaks in mucus membranes
i.e. skin, mouth, nose, eyes, rectum, etc.)

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10
Q

BREAK Chain of infection

A

Wear PPE
Change soiled dressings

Dispose of soiled tissues, dressings, etc.

Keep table surfaces dry and clean

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11
Q

Mode of Transmission

A

Direct and Indirect
Airborne, healthcare facilities

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12
Q

BREAK Chain of infection

A

Perform hand hygiene

Use personal set of care items for each patient

Avoid shaking bed linen or clothes, dust with damp cloth

Discard anything that touches the floor

Wear gloves when handling body substances. Control air movement (if airborne). Use sterile technique when appropriate

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13
Q

Portal of Entry

A

Body Openings, breaks in skin and breaks in mucus membranes
i.e. skin, mouth, nose, eyes, rectum, etc.)

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14
Q

BREAK Chain of infection

A

Wash Hands

Maintain skin and mucous membrane integrity. Lubricate skin, offer frequent hygiene and turn and position.

Cover wounds as needed

Clean wound sites thoroughly

Maintain drainage sites with downward flow

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15
Q

Susceptibility of the Host

A

Could be us, insects, infected person

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16
Q

BREAK Chain of infection

A

Reduce susceptibility to infection

Provide adequate nutrition

Adequate rest

immunizations

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17
Q

Direct Contact

A
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18
Q

Indirect Contact

A

Via soiled lines, equipment, dressings, patient to patient not washing hands

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19
Q

Droplet Transmission

A

Large particles from respiratory system of infected source to 2 m through the air and deposited onto hose (coughing sneezing, or talking)

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20
Q

Airborne Transmission

A

Small airborne particles containing microbes remain suspended in the air for long periods of time

Produced via coughing and sneezing. Air current transmit these particles long distances

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21
Q

Vehicle Transmission

A

Single contaminated source (water, medication, intravenous fluid, flood transmit infection to multiple hosts

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22
Q

Vectorborne Transmission

A

Insects (fleas, mites, ticks or pests)

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23
Q

If infection is localized (restricted to limited area), proper care controls the spread and minimizes the illness. If infection is localized, there pay be pain and tenderness at wound site.

Infection that affects entire body is systemic and can be fatal.

A
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24
Q

Contact

A

Used for infections spread by direct, or indirect contact

C-diff, GI infections, respiratory infections and skin infections.

ROOM: private room or cohort patients with dedicated sink and toilet. PPE: Gown, gloves and mask/face shield if necessary

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25
Q

Droplet

A

Used for infections spread by coughing, sneezing or talking

influenza, pertussis (whooping cough), Coronavirus, mumps ROOM: private room with door closed.

Cohort patients with dedicated sink and toilet. PPE: Gown, gloves and mask or respirator.

Influenza: precautions, patient to wear mask, hand washing always.

Frequent hand washing, cleaning and disinfecting of supplies.

Vaccinations are critical. If patient is constantly coughing, take a step back and come back in a few minutes.

Patient that is uncomfortable: Telling them the importance of putting on PPE…to protect you, us and it’s what we do…standard precaution. “I’m so gross” – how are you doing to deal with those patients…”Provide friendly conversation. Treat them as a whole.

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26
Q

Airborne

A

Used for infections transmitted by airborne droplets

TB, measles, chicken pox

ROOM: private room with door closed. Dedicated sink and toilet. Room air exhausted outside through HEPA filter. PPE: Gown, gloves and mask/face shield. Patient to wear mask during transport.

27
Q

Levels of Infection

A

Local
Systemic

28
Q

Local

A

Redness, swelling, warmth, pain and loss of function (mosquito bite could become systemic.)

29
Q

Systemic

A

An infection that has spread throughout the body (lost control and starts to spread, spread to the blood, etc.
Chronic Systemic Infection – (i.e HIV)

fever, fatigue, malaise, nausea, increased white blood count

30
Q

Exogenous

A

from microorganisms external to the individual that do not exist as normal flora
i.e. Salmonella or Clostridiumtetani

31
Q

Endogenous

A

occurs when some of the patient’s flora become altered and overgrowth results
i.e. yeasts, streptococci

32
Q

Types of Healthcare Infections

A

MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant

Staphylococcus Aureus)
frequently identified pathogen associated with increased mortality. Clostridioides difficile infection is one of the most common and costly HAIs.

HAND HYGIENE IS NEEDED

VRE (Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus)
There is no treatment for MRSA and VRE.

C-Diff (Clostridioides Difficile Infection)

33
Q

Normal Body Defenses

A

Normal Flora

Body Defense System

Inflammation

34
Q

Normal Flora

A

Homeostasis

They are microorganisms that reside in the body to help maintain health

35
Q

Body Defense System

A

Many body systems have unique defenses against infection

Skin (biggest defense), mouth, Eye, Respiratory Track, Urinary Tract,
Gastrointestinal Tract (food poisoning) and Vagina (pH of the vagina - is body of defense)

36
Q

Inflammation

A

Response at the vascular and tissue level.

Protective vascular reaction in response to injury or infection (resource itself to islolate things)

Vascular and Cellular Responses
Immediate response to cellular injury

Inflammatory Exudates
Clear watery plasma (serous)

Blood tinged (sanguineous)

Thin, watery drainage (serosanguineous)

Thick drainage that contains pus (purulent)

Tissue Repair
Damaged cells are eventually replaced with new ones

37
Q

Risk factors for infection

A

Intrinsic Factors:
Age, culture, gender, immusuppression.

Extrinsic Factors
Underlying disease – any chronic disease makes you at risk (i.e. HIV, liver disease, HEP B, alcoholic, asthma) (Chronic Diseases: Cancer, Diabetes, Arthritis, Rental failure, asthma)

High risk Groups:
Diabetic
Cancer
Immunosuppression

Medical Therapy
Certain drugs decrease body to fight off infection. They have amino-suppress properties (hummara, methotrexate, stilera)

Stress
Not sleeping – more prone to infection,
If stress continues or becomes intense, elevated cortisone levels result in a decreased resistance to infection.

38
Q

Asepsis

A

process for keeping away disease-producing microorganisms

39
Q

Medical Asepsis

A

Commonly referred to as clean technique.
Involves handwashing, using clean gloves and routine cleaning.

after an object becomes unsterile it is considered contaminated (used bedpan, floor, used dressings, etc.) Surgical instruments, intravascular catheters, needles, urinary catheters, stechcoples, linens, blood pressure cuffs, thermometers, etc.)

Procedures used to reduce and prevent the spread of microorganisms

Includes appropriate handwashing, cleaning of equipment, and disposal of contaminated linen and sharps

Designed to protect patients in all settings.

40
Q

When cleaning equipment that is soiled

A

rinse contaminated object with cold running water.

After rinsing, wash object with soap and warm water.

Use a brush to remove dirt or material in groves.

Rinse with warm water.

Dry object and prepare it for disinfection or sterilization.

The brush, gloves and sink in which equipment is cleaned should be considered contaminated and should be cleaned and dried.

41
Q

Sterilization

A

destruction of all microorganisms. Steam under pressure, ethylene oxide gas, hydrogen peroxide plasma chemicals are sterilizing agents

42
Q

Disinfecting method is influenced by:

A

Concentration of solution and duration of contact.

Type and number of pathogens

Surface areas to treat

Temperature and environment – disinfectants tend to work best at room temperature

Presence of soap – soap may cause certain disinfectants to be ineffective.

Presence of organic materials – disinfectants can become inactivated unless blood, saliva, pus or body excretions are already washed off.

43
Q

Infection Control to Reduce Reservoir Sites

A

Bathing – use soap and water to remove drainage, dried secretions

Dressing changes

Contaminated Articles – proper disposal.

Contaminated needles – dispose of in a puncture proof container

Bedside Unit - keep clean

Bottled solutions – do not leave open for prolonged periods. Keep tightly capped

Surgical Wounds – keep drainage tubes and collection bags patent to prevent the accumulation of serous fluid under the skin surface

Drainage of bottles and bags – never raise a drainage system above the level of the site being drained unless the drainage system is clamped off.

44
Q

Nursing Considerations for Isolated Patients

A

Isolation can be psychologically harmful

Patients may feel unclean, rejected, lonely, or guilty (i.e. get a person a TV, books, games)

Education regarding the condition, reason for isolation and how they can help prevent the spread is key

Keep the room tidy, curtains open (during the day) and don’t rush through care if possible

Provide comfort measures, conversation, and puzzles/games/books if appropriate

45
Q

Hand Hygiene

A

Hand hygiene is always number 1. Before you do anything else. **REMEMBER
Before entering the room

Before starting a procedure

After patient contact (doing a procedure or task that has the ability to soil hands/changing gloves
(drained a cathedar, cleaned a wound, direct patient contact and after risk of fluid)

Before leaving the room

46
Q

Hand Hygiene steps

A

It takes 40-60 seconds to clean hands washing with soap and water

Stand in front of sink, keeping hands and uniform away from sink

Turn on water

Regulate flow of water so temperature is warm

Wet hands and wrists thoroughly

Apply soap and rub hands together

Perform hand hygiene for 15 seconds

Rinse hands and wrists, keeping
hands down and elbows up

Dry hands thoroughly from fingers to wrists with paper towel.

Turn off hand faucet using clean dry paper towel.

47
Q

Donning PPE

A

Isolation Gown
Mask
N95 mask (if needed)
Eye Protection
Gloves

48
Q

Isolation Gown

A

Wash your hands

Apply gown, ensuring it covers all clothing

Tie at neck and waist

Pull sleeves down to wrists

49
Q

Surgical Mask

A

Surgical mask

Apply over mouth and nose

Adjust nose piece to ensure snug fit

If mask has ties, ensure to tie the top strings first.

Then N95 mask

50
Q

Eye Protection

A

Apply over eyes and/or eyeglasses

Ensure eyewear/face shield is snug around your forehead and face.

51
Q

Gloves

A

Apply clean, disposable gloves

Bring cuffs over the edge of the gown sleeves

52
Q

Doffing PPE

A

Gloves
Wash hands
Gown
Wash hands
Eye Protection
Mask
Wash hands

53
Q

Gloves

A

Remove gloves by taking hold of the cuff and pulling off so that is comes off inside out.

Put that glove into the other (still gloved) and and remove the 2nd glove. Promptly place in the garbage.

Wash or sanitize hands.

54
Q

Gown

A

Carefully untie at neck and waist

Remove from the back of the gown at shoulders and pull gown down over the arms, turning it inside out

Place in hamper (if washable) or garbage (if disposable). Try not to touch the outer front of the gown

Once again, wash/sanitize hands

55
Q

Eye Protection

A

Handle only headband or earpieces

Put reusable items in appropriate place for cleaning

Put disposable items into the garbage

Glasses (just clean them after)

56
Q

Mask

A

Handle only by ties or elastic bands

Lean forward and remove away from face

If mask ties, undo bottom tie first

Put into the garbage

Once again, wash/sanitize your hands

57
Q

Cleaning:

A

Removing foreign material from objects and surfaces

Once an object comes into contact with blood, secretions, excretions or microorganisms it is considered contaminated and must be cleaned or discarded.

he person cleaning the item must also protect themselves from becoming contaminated (use of PPE)

Last step in cleaning: pre-clean area and then disinfect area

58
Q

Disinfecting

A

Removes all pathogens with the exception of bacterial spores

Involves heat, chemicals or UV light

Objects must be cleaned BEFORE they are disinfected

What is the difference between a disinfectant (i.e. bleach and water) and an antiseptic? What examples can you provide of chemical disinfectants?

59
Q

Isolation Scenario - 1. Your client is being admitted with Tuberculosis (airborne).

A

i. Private room (room door kept closed)

ii. Negative pressure airflow of at least six exchanges per hour.

  1. Respirator protection device (N95 respirator) must be worn when the patient has tuberculosis.
    iii. PPE for Entering the Patient room:
  2. Hand hygiene before entering and when exiting
  3. N95 respiration, fit-tested and fit-checked
60
Q
  1. Your client has frequent episodes of diarrhea; she is occasionally incontinent and requires assistance with hygiene (Contact precautions)
A

i. Private room (room door kept open)

ii. Gloves and gown upon entry into isolation room; limiting patient movement outside isolation room to necessary medical treatments or procedures; cleaning and disinfecting or discarding items before removal from isolation room

61
Q
  1. Your client has an open wound with drainage. The wound is infected with a contagious organism known as MRSA. The client shares a room with another client.
A

i. Single room with dedicated washroom
ii. Door may be open
iii. Dedicated patient care equipment

b. PPE for Entering the Patient Room:
i. Hand hygiene before entering and when exitng
ii. Gowns and gloves for all healthcare workers
c. If patient leaves room for essential purposes
i. Clean hands
ii. Clean housecoat or other clean over (not and isolation gown)

62
Q

d. What nursing actions will you implement to prevent the spreading of this organism to the other client?

A

i. Gloves: Healthcare providers should wear gloves when touching the patient, their wound, or any contaminated surfaces or items.

ii. Gowns: A gown should be worn over clothing to protect against contact with the patient’s wound or any contaminated materials.

iii. Hand hygiene is crucial. Hands should be washed with soap and water or sanitized with an alcohol-based hand rub before and after patient contact, after removing gloves, and after touching contaminated surfaces

63
Q
  1. Your client, who has mumps has been on droplet isolation for 4 days. He expresses that he is lonely.
A

i. Room should be clean and pleasant.

ii. Active Listening. Nurses must listen to the patient’s concerns or interests.

iii. Providing comfort measures such as repositioning, a back massage, etc.

iv. Offer board games, puzzles or other activities that can be done

v. Video calls with family (if they have any)

64
Q

Surgical Asepsis

A

Commonly referred to as sterile technique.
This is not included in our learning outcomes at this time.

Infection Control (1 decks)

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