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Patient Care > Infection control > Flashcards

Infection control Flashcards

1
Q

Any deviation from or interruption of the normal structure or function of any part, organ, or system of the body

What am I?

A

Disease

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2
Q

Establishment and growth of a microorganism
on/in a host, resulting in injury to the host

What am I?

A

Infection

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3
Q

Pathogens have three functions:

A
  1. Multiply and cause obstructions
  2. Cause tissue damage
  3. Secrete organic exotoxins
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4
Q

List 4 TYPES of pathogens:

A

Bacteria
Virus
Fungi
Parasitic Protozoa

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5
Q

Microscopic, single celled organisms with a simple internal organization. What am I?

A

Bacteria

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6
Q

Bacteria resides in a host as a group or cluster called a ___

A

Colony

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7
Q

______ lack nuclei and membrane-bound organelles

A

Prokaryotes

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8
Q

Bacteria contains both ____ and ____

A

DNA and RNA

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9
Q

Microscopic single cells that are a much simpler form than bacteria or animal cells. What am I?

A

Viruses (virions)

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10
Q

____ can NOT live outside a living cell - they lack components for their own survival

A

Viruses

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11
Q

____ carry their own DNA and RNA but NEVER both

A

Viruses

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12
Q

Virion (viruses) use three processes:

A
  1. Attach to host cell
  2. Inserts its own genetic information
  3. Redirects host cell to produce new virus

Attach, insert and redirect ** AIR ** (think virus in the air)

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13
Q

____ is NOT affected by antibiotics

A

Viruses

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14
Q

Size of virus may vary from ___ to ___ nm

A

20 to 250 nm

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15
Q

Direct observation of a virus is possible only through an electron _____

A

Microscope

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16
Q

_____ may lie dormant for extended periods of time and then manifest in illness

A

Viruses

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17
Q

____ have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

A

Eukaryotic

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18
Q

Medically important fungi are called ____

A

Dimorphic

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19
Q

True or False
Fungi size is much larger than bacteria

A

True

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20
Q

List 2 forms of Fungi:

A

Yeast
Mold

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21
Q

Diseases caused by fungi can be of 4 different classifications:

A

1 superficial
2 cutaneous
3 subcutaneous
4 systemic

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22
Q

_____ are unicellular organisms that are neither plant nor animal

A

Parasitic Protozoa

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23
Q

True or False
Parasitic Protozoa is larger than bacteria

A

True

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24
Q

Parasitic Protozoa are ____ (eukaryotic/prokaryotic)

A

Eukaryotic

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25
Q

Bacteria is _____ (eukaryotic/prokaryotic)

A

Prokaryotic

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26
Q

_____ live on or in other organisms at the expense of host

A

Parasitic Protozoa

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27
Q

_____ can ingest food particles, and some are equipped with digestive systems

A

Parasitic Protozoa

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28
Q

Parasitic Protozoa are classified by their motility:
(List 4)

A

Ameboid
Flagellum
Cilia
Sporozoans

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29
Q

Establishment of infectious disease
—> infectious disease state

(List 6)

A

Encounter
Entry
Spread
Multiply
Damage
Outcome

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30
Q

____ involves the infectious organism coming in contact with the host

(Encounter, entry, spread, multiply, damage, outcome)

A

Encounter

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31
Q

Encounters occur during ___ of host

A

Lifetime

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32
Q

_____: access to the organism through a portal of entry

(Encounter, entry, spread, multiply, damage, outcome)

A

Entry

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33
Q

Entry has 2 types:

A

Ingression
Penetration

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34
Q

_____: the propagation of the infectious organism. Requires overcoming body’s immune defenses

(Encounter, entry, spread, multiply, damage, outcome)

A

Spread

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35
Q

Degree of spreading is a function of the logistics of BOTH the ___ and the ____

A

Host and the microbe

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36
Q

_____: the growth in microbe numbers as a function of mitosis

(Encounter, entry, spread, multiply, damage, outcome)

A

Multiplication

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37
Q

_____ is the incubation period

A

Multiplication

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38
Q

2 forms of damage:

A

Direct
Indirect

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39
Q

_____: microbe can induce a host response that also causes tissue and cell death through activation of the hosts inflammatory and immune responses

(Encounter, entry, spread, multiply, damage, outcome)

A

Damage

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40
Q

_____: host gains control of infectious agent and eliminates it.

Infectious agent overcomes hosts immunities to cause disease

Host and infectious agent compromise and live a sort of symbiotic state

(Encounter, entry, spread, multiply, damage, outcome)

A

Outcome

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41
Q

List 3 routes for disease transmission

A

Air
Droplets
Contact

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42
Q

2 avenues of transmission :

A

Exogenous
Endogenous

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43
Q

What can cause infection?

A

pathogenic organisms

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44
Q

List a few examples of diseases:

A

-pneumonia
-TB
-gastroenteritis

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45
Q

Only when the infection results in ____ to the host, is the host said to have a ____

A

-injury
-disease

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46
Q

Only when the infection results in ____ to the host, is the host said to have a ____

A

-injury
-disease

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47
Q

Pathogenic microorganisms cause :

A

Infectious diseases

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48
Q

Bacteria is classified and identified according to their:

A

Morphology
Biochemistry
Genetic constitution

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49
Q

The MEDICALLY important BACTERIA are classified as THREE general morphologies:

A

Cocci/spheres
Bacilli/rods
Spirals

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50
Q

Morphology is the size or shape of the bacteria and is routinely determined by a simple staining technique called _____

A

Gram staining

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51
Q

____ are neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic, they are considered obligate intracellular parasites

A

Viruses

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52
Q

Viruses are characterized by the chemical nature of their:

A

Nucleic acid
Size
Symmetry

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53
Q

Viral infection is the result of a viral particle also called a ___

A

Virion

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54
Q

A ____ attaches to a host cell and inserts its genetic info into the host

A

Virion

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55
Q

____ can be microscopic, such as yeasts and molds

A

Fungi

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56
Q

Having the ability to grow in two distinct forms (yeast or filamentous hyphae) is known as?

A

Dimorphic
(Medically important pathogenic fungi)

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57
Q

Filamentous hypha is better known as ?

A

Mold

58
Q

Fungi are classified according to the type of method of:

A

Sexual reproduction

59
Q

Discoloration of the skin is considered a ____ infection

A

Superficial infection

60
Q

____ infections involve the keratinized tissues of the hair, nails and skin

A

Cutaneous

61
Q

List an example of a superficial infection

A

Tinea Nigra

(a fungal infection that results in painless black or brown discoloration of the hand and foot)

62
Q

List an example of a cutaneous infection

A

Athletes foot

63
Q

______ is an infection that enters the human host as a result of trauma to the skin

A

Subcutaneous infection

64
Q

_____ is an infection that enters the circulatory and lymphatic systems and may be fatal

A

Systemic infection

(I like to think “system” as in your system is shutting down/could be life threatening)

65
Q

______ are distinguished from bacteria by their greater size and by the fact that they do not possess a cell wall

A

Parasitic Protozoa

66
Q

Protozoa are classified according to their motility, the 1st group is classified by its slow cellular flowing, called _____

A

Ameboid

67
Q

The motility of the 2nd group (Protozoa) is facilitated by a long ____, or protein tail.

A

Flagellum

68
Q

The motility of the 3rd group (Protozoa) moves by the action of numerous short protein tails called ____

A

Cilia

69
Q

The fourth groups motility (Protozoa) is called _____. This group is unique in that its members are nonmotile and do not form spores as do bacteria and fungi

A

Sporozoans

70
Q

True or False

If at any point the infection chain is broken, the cycle can NOT continue, the infection will cease.

A

True

71
Q

For infections to be transmitted the following must exist:

(List the chain in order)

A

Host > infectious microorganism > mode of transportation > reservoir

72
Q

Microorganisms include:
(List 4)

A

Bacteria
Fungi
Viruses
Protozoa

73
Q

Mode of transportation: list 2 avenues

A

Exogenous
Endogenous

74
Q

Microorganisms being transmitted from OUTSIDE of the body is called ____

A

Exogenous

(Think exo as in exiting “outside”)

75
Q

Microorganisms being transmitted from INSIDE the body is called ____

A

Endogenous

76
Q

A ____ is usually an arthropod (i.e., mosquito, flea, tick)

A

Vector

77
Q

it consumes its blood meal from its human host, then it can ingest an infectious microbe from the blood.

What is it?

A

A vector

78
Q

A ____ is an inanimate object that has been in contact with an infectious organism

A

Fomite

79
Q

List a few examples of fomites:

A

Food and water
Radiographic equipment
Latex gloves

80
Q

List an example of a vector

A

A deer tick that transmits Lyme disease is considered a vector

81
Q

Vector vs fomite. Whats the difference?

A

Vector is through the blood
Fomite is through inanimate objects

82
Q

A ____ is the site where an infectious organism can remain alive and from which transmission can occur

A

Reservoir

83
Q

People, animals and inanimate objects can all serve as:

A

Reservoir

84
Q

A person who serves as a reservoir is called a ___

A

Carrier

85
Q

A ____ is an infected person who does not display the disease symptoms

A

Carrier

86
Q

________ are infections that people acquire while they are receiving treatment in a healthcare setting for another condition

A

Healthcare - associated infections (HAIs)

87
Q

Specifically, hospital-acquired conditions are known as ____

A

Nosocomial

88
Q

An infection that is the result of intervention with a physician is an ___ infection

A

iatrogenic

89
Q

An _____ infection is strictly limited to the physician, not where the patient acquired the infection

Example: a patient may develop pneumonia after a lung biopsy by a physician. Improper handwashing by the physician between patients could also result in this infection

A

iatrogenic

90
Q

Hospital patients have a greater sensitivity to infection. Many patients have a weakened resistance to infectious organisms because of their illness. These patients are said to be ____

A

Compromised
(or immunosuppressed)

91
Q

_____ can continually serve as activity colonizers of transient carriers, or they, themselves, can become infected

A

Medical personnel

92
Q

Transmission between the hospital staff and the patient may be by ____ contact or through indirect contact by ____

A

Skin to skin contact

Ingestion or inhalation

93
Q

_____ are disease causing microorganisms that may be present in human blood.

A

Blood-borne pathogens

94
Q

_____ may be transmitted with any exposure to blood or infectious material, for this reason these pathogens are considered HAI’s

A

Blood-borne pathogens

95
Q

List Two blood-borne pathogens that are of concern within the hospital setting:

A

HBV (hep B virus)
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)

96
Q

List a few factors that encourage Nosocomial infections (infections that come from the hospital)

A

Environment
Equipment
Contamination during medical procedures

97
Q

List some patient factors that increase the potential for Nosocomial infections (infections from the hospital)

A

Age
Heredity
Nutritional status
Stress
Immunocompromised

98
Q

____ is a virus that specifically infects the immune systems CD4+T cells in a human host

A

HIV

99
Q

____ is responsible for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A

HIV

100
Q

Some symptoms of HIV include:

A

Weight loss
Muscle and joint pain
Night sweats
Glandular pain and swelling

101
Q

True or False ?

HIV symptoms can remain latent for many years.

A

True

102
Q

People with HIV may be asymptomatic after exposure to the virus for as long as ___ years

A

10 years

103
Q

It may take up to ___ year/years for results of blood test to become positive for HIV antibodies

A

1 year

104
Q

____ causes illness that primarily affects the liver. Resulting in swelling soreness and loss of normal liver function

A

HBV (hep b virus)

105
Q

Symptoms of HBV (hepatitis b) are:

A

Weakness
Fatigue
Anorexia
Nausea
Abdominal pain
Fever
Headache

106
Q

HBV leads to yellow skin color also known as ___

A

Jaundice

107
Q

____ is the major cause of viral hepatitis

A

HBV

108
Q

Some patients with HBV (hep b) are asymptomatic, however blood will test positive ____ to ___ weeks after symptoms develop

A

2 - 6 weeks

109
Q

Patients with HBV can recover in ___ to ____ weeks, but blood tests will always show they were exposed.

A

6 - 8 weeks

110
Q

What are the 2 defense mechanisms of the body?

A

Internal
External

111
Q

List 3 internal mechanisms

A

Mechanical barriers
Chemical processes
Cellular processes

112
Q

List 4 external mechanisms

A

Normal microbial flora
Physical methods
Chemotherapeutic agents
Immunization

113
Q

List a physical method for external mechanisms in relation to defense of the body

A

Hand washing

114
Q

______ incorporates the features of both body fluid precautions and body substance isolation.

A

Standard precautions

115
Q

Standard precautions should be used when performing procedures that may require contact with:

A

Blood
Body fluids
Mucous membranes
Non-intact skin
Secretions/excretions

116
Q

Biosafety in the rad department using standard precautions includes the following:

A

Handwashing
Gloving
Needle recapping
Biospills
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

117
Q

____ is employed in conjunction with standard precautions

A

Transmission - based precautions

118
Q

____ precaution is used on all patients with a pathogenic or communicable disease process

A

Transmission - based precaution

119
Q

List 3 common transmission - based precautions

A

Airborne
Droplet
Contact

120
Q

3 Examples of airborne diseases are:

A

TB
Varicella (chickenpox)
Rubeola (measles)

121
Q

Airborne: Patients infected with pathogens that disseminate through the air are to be placed in a negative-pressure isolation room with the door ____ (open/closed)

A

Door closed

122
Q

When caring for patients who are infected with pathogenic organisms such as rubella, mumps, influenza and adenovirus, ___ precautions should be used.

A

Droplet precautions

123
Q

Patients that need droplet precautions are placed in a private room or with another patient who is infected with the same disease and the door remains ____ (open/closed)

A

Door remains open

124
Q

Large droplets typically travel ___ feet before dropping to the ground

A

3

125
Q

For ___ precautions, healthcare practitioners should wear respiratory protection that filters inspired air.

A

Airborne precautions

126
Q

_____ precautions must be used when caring for a patient infected with virulent pathogen that spreads by direct contact with the patient or by indirect contact with a contaminated object

A

Contact precautions

127
Q

Asepsis implies “___”

A

Freedom from infections

(This sounds so dumb but I think Asepsis - America, America is the land of the free 😂)

128
Q

What are the two categories of asepsis ?

A

Surgical
Medical

129
Q

____ asepsis is the procedure used to prevent contamination of microbes and endoscopes before, during, and after surgery using sterile technique

A

Surgical asepsis

130
Q

______ asepsis involves a reduction in numbers of infectious agents, which in turn decreases the probability of infection but does not necessarily reduce it to zero.

A

Medical asepsis

131
Q

_____ is the easiest way to break the chain of infection

A

Handwashing

132
Q

What is a chemical method of asepsis?

A

Disinfectants

133
Q

What are two types of disinfectants?
(Used for chemical method of asepsis)

A

Bacteriostatic
Bactericidal

134
Q

A ____ agent stops bacterial growth

A

Bacteriostatic

(Think static as in “stays still/stops)

135
Q

A ____ agent kills cells

A

Bactericidal

(Think suiCIDAL)

136
Q

What’s a physical method of asepsis?

A

Sterilization

137
Q

What is sterilization?

A

The absolute killing of all life forms

138
Q

What is the most effective method for sterilizing?

A

Using heat

139
Q

____ is a form of moist heat under pressure

A

Autoclave

140
Q

List 2 effective methods of sterilization

A

Heat
Ultraviolet light (UV)

141
Q

_____ absolutely must be performed before and after each patient is handled

A

Handwashing

142
Q

____ provides the simplest method of environmental control of microbes

A

Handwashing

Patient Care (1 decks)

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