Infection Control Flashcards
all paid and unpaid persons who work in a healthcare facility
Healthcare personnel (HCP)
an infection acquired during the delivery of healthcare in any setting
Healthcare-associated infection (HAI)
hospitals, long-term care facilities, ambulatory settings (e.g., dental offices), and home care
are all what?
Locattions where HAI can occur
is reserved for an infection acquired in a hospital setting.
Nosocomial infection
Contact with blood, oral and respiratory secretions, and contaminated equipment occurs.
Allows for transmission of disease
Explain way we can protect ourselves from infection in the workplace?
- Gowns
- VIsors
- GLoves
Explain the 3 steps of transmission of pathogenic organims
- Invasion & multiplication
- Competive metabolism, toxin production, immune mediate rxns
- Local cellular injury
what 3 things goes the chain of infection require?
- A source or resourvios
- A suseptible host with a portal of entry
- A mode of transmission
Infections diseases are a result from interaction of what 3 things?
- agent
- Host
- Enviroment
of an infectious agent is the habitat in which the agent normally lives, grows, and multiplies.
include humans, animals, and the environment.
The ____ may or may not be the source from which an agent is transferred to a host.
Resorviour
What is the resoirvior of Clostridium botulinum?
but the source of most botulism infections is _____ C. botulinumspores.
- Soil is resorvior
- improperly canned food containing
Many common infectious diseases have human reservoirs. Diseases that are transmitted from person to person without intermediaries include the sexually transmitted diseases, measles, mumps, streptococcal infection, and many respiratory pathogens. Because humans were the only reservoir for the smallpox virus, naturally occurring smallpox was eradicated after the last human case was identified and isolated.
Human resorvioir
is a person with inapparent infection who is capable of transmitting the pathogen to others.
Carrier
are those who can transmit the agent during the incubation period before clinical illness begins
Asymptomatic or passive or healthy carriers
are those who have recovered from their illness but remain capable of transmitting to others
Convalescent carriers
are those who continue to harbor a pathogen such as hepatitis B virus orSalmonellaTyphi, the causative agent of typhoid fever, for months or even years after their initial infection.
Ex. Typhoid Mary
Chronic carriers
Many of these diseases are transmitted from animal to animal, with humans as incidental hosts.
Animal reservoirs
an infectious disease that is transmissible under natural conditions from vertebrate animals to humans
zoonosis
Example of zoonic diseases?
- Anthrax (sheep)
- Brucellosis (cow)
- Plageu (rodents)
Plants, soil, and water in the environment are also reservoirs for some infectious agents. Many fungal agents, such as those that cause histoplasmosis, live and multiply in the soil.
Environmental reservoirs
What are the 2 main modes of transmission?
- Direct contact
- Indirect contact
pathogens transferred between individuals without a contaminated intermediate person, object, or environmental surface
Direct Contact transmission
pathogens are transferred between individuals via a contaminated intermediate person, object, or environmental surface
Indirect Contact transmission
inhalation of droplets
Respiratory transmission
A form of respiratory trans mission assocatted with inhilation of droplet nuclei.
I.e residual droplets ranging in size from 1-5um that wil suspended in ther air dry out but many still ontain potnetially infectious pathogens
Airborn transmission
2 forms of direct contact spread
- direct contact
- droplet spread
2 forms of indirect
- Airborne
- Vehicleborne
- Vectorborne (mechanical or biologic)
viruses such as hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV):
- Are transmissible in health care settings.
- Can produce chronic infection.
- Are often carried by persons unaware of their infection.
Bloodborne pathogens
What are 3 potential routes of bloodborne pathogens ?
- Patient to DHCP
(Highest Risk) - DHCP to Patient
- Patient to Patient
Condition:
acute and/or chronic inflammatory liver disease.
Modes of transmission:
bloodborne pathogen; transmitted by contact with infected blood and other potentially infectious material, e.g., saliva, semen, and vaginal secretions; healthcare and public safety personnel are at risk for occupational exposure.
Precautions:
vaccine-preventable; standard precautions.
Hep B Virus
Condition: **
acute and chronic inflammatory liver disease.
Modes of transmission:
bloodborne pathogen; transmitted primarily through large or repeated percutaneous exposure to infected blood: most frequent mode of transmission is needle sharing among IV drug users; after a needlestick or sharps exposure to HCV-positive blood, the risk of HCV infection among HCP is approximately 1.8%.
Precautions:
* standard precautions.* no vaccine exsists
Hep C virus
Condition:
acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Modes of transmission:
* bloodborne pathogen*; acquired most readily either across mucous membranes or parenterally; in healthcare settings the risk for transmission following a percutaneous (needlestick injury) or mucous membrane (eyes, nose, and mouth) exposure to blood infected with the HIV is approximately 0.3% and 0.09%, respectively.
Precautions:
standard precautions. no vaccine
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
**Condition: **
measles (rubeola).
**Modes of transmission: **
airborne droplets and droplet nuclei generated by an infected person during talking, breathing, coughing, and sneezing; by direct contact with nasal or throat secretions from an infected person; and less frequently by touching freshly contaminated articles and environmental surfaces.
**Precautions: **
vaccine-preventable; airborne and standard precautions.
Mesealves Virus (rubeola)
**Condition: **
* chickenpox and varicella zoster infections.*
Modes of transmission:
person to person by direct contact with vesicular fluid; inhalation of aerosols from vesicular fluid or infected respiratory tract secretions; and less frequently, by contact with freshly contaminated articles and environmental surfaces.
Precautions:
vaccine-preventable; airborne, contact, and standard precautions.
Varicella Zoster virus
Can herpes simplex 1 end up being hepes simplex 2?
**Condition: **
primary and recurrent mucocutaneous herpetic infections.
Modes of transmission:
direct contact with lesions or infected body fluids, e.g., vesicular exudates, saliva, and genital fluids; less frequently by touching freshly contaminated articles and environmental surfaces.
Precautions:
contact and standard precautions.
Herpes simplex virus HSV
Condition:
nodular or papillomatous or wart-like lesions.
**Modes of transmission: **
person-to-person through* cuts, abrasions or small tears *in skin or mucous membranes.
Precautions:
vaccine-preventable; standard precautions.
Human papilloma virus
(HPV)
**Condition: **
seasonal influenza.
Modes of transmission:
person-to-person primarily *via droplets generated during talking, breathing, coughing, and sneezing; *and less frequently by contact with freshly contaminated articles and environmental surfaces.
Precautions:
vaccine-preventable, droplet and standard precautions.
lots of diffrent strands
Influenza virus
Condition:
tuberculous infection and tuberculosis (extrapulmonary, pulmonary, laryngeal).
Modes of transmission:
inhalation of droplets and droplet nuclei generated when infected persons cough, sneeze, shout, sing, or talk; and less frequently by contact with freshly contaminated articles and environmental surfaces.
Precautions:
airborne and standard precautions.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB)
Condition:
diphtheria (respiratory mucosa and skin).
Modes of transmission:
person-to-person usually through respiratory droplets generated by coughing or sneezing; contact with contaminated objects; and rarely, C. diphtheriae is shed from skin lesions or contaminated clothes.
Precautions:
droplet and standard precautions.
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
(diptheria)
**Condition: **
tetanus.
Modes of transmission:
spores enter the body through non-intact skin, usually cuts or puncture wounds caused by contaminated objects; less commonly, tetanus has been linked to clean superficial wounds, chronic sores, insect bites, dental infections, compound fractures with exposed bone, and intravenous (IV) drug use.
Precautions:
vaccine-preventable; standard precautions.
Clostridium tetani
Condition:
pertussis (whooping cough).
Modes of transmission:
person-to-person by direct contact with respiratory secretions or by airborne droplets generated by coughing or sneezing.
Precautions:
vaccine-preventable; droplet and standard precautions.
Bordetella pertussis
Condition:
bacterial meningococcal disease (meningitis).
Modes of transmission:
airborne droplets and direct contact with respiratory secretions and saliva.
Precautions:
vaccine-preventable; droplet and standard precautions.
Neisseria meningitidis
Condition:
middle ear infections (acute otitis media) in children; pneumonia among adults.
Modes of transmission:
transmitted person-to-pe*rson via airborne droplets generated by coughing and sneezing and *by direct contact with respiratory secretions and saliva.
Precautions:
vaccine-preventable; droplet and standard precautions
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Condition:
infections usually involve the skin.
Modes of transmission:
direct contact with an infected wound or contaminated bed linens, bed rails, bathroom fixtures, medical equipment, and personal items; about one in three people carry S. aureus and two in 100 carry MRSA in their nose or on skin.
Precautions:
contact and standard precautions.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
one of the major operating components of the Department of Health and Human Services.
Monitors and prevent disease outbreaks (including bioterrorism)
Implements disease prevention strategies
Maintains national health statistics
CDC
is part of the United States Department of Labor
Ensure safe and healthful working conditions for working men and women by setting and enforcing standards and by providing training, outreach, education and assistance
OSHA
Universal precaution apply to only what?
All blood and body fluids contaminated with blood were to be treated as infectious.
were introduced by the **CDC in 1985 **in response to the HIV epidemic.
It stipulated that patients with HIV infection can be asymptomatic and unaware that they are contagious.
Therefore, all blood and body fluids contaminated with blood were to be treated as infectious.
Universal Precautions
Universal precautions do not apply to sputum, feces, sweat, vomit, tears, urine, or nasal secretions unless they are visibly contaminated with blood because their transmission of ____ and ____ is extremely low or non-existent.
Hepatitis B or HIV
pply not only to contact with blood and body fluids contaminated with blood, but to contact with all other potentially infectious material.
apply to the care of all patients in all healthcare settings, regardless of the suspected or confirmed presence of pathogenicorganisms
Standard Precautions
Primary way to prevent transmission of infectious agents
MUST be used in the care of all patients, regardless of their infection status
Standard Precautions
What are the 7 elements of standard precaution?
- Hand hygiene (most important, wash hands in front of them)
- PPE usage
- Respiratory hygiene & cough etiquette
- Sharps saftey
- Safe injection practices
- Sterile instruments & devices
- Clean and disinfected enviroental surfaces
What does OSHA stand for?
Occupational saftey and health administration
includes both handwashing with either plain soap or antimicrobial soap and use of alcohol-based hand rubs that do not require the use of water.
- Reduce spread of antimicrobial resistance.
- Prevent health care-associated infections
Hand Hygiene
What is the most missed part of hand when washing?
THumb and fingertips
Benifits:
Rapid and effective antimicrobial action.
Improved skin condition.
More accessible than sinks.
Limits:
* Cannot be used if hands are visibly soiled.
* Must be stored away from high temperatures or flames.
* Hand softeners and glove powders may build up on hands.
Alcohol Based preperations
When can you NOT use alcohol based hand rub?
When hands are visibly soiled
: soap and alcohol-based hand rubs should have a persistent effect and _____
broad spectrum of activit
Use more= more resistance
Surgical hand antisepsis before gloving requires what?
- Antimicrobial soap and water
- Soap and water followed by alcohol based hand rub
What digit is left out most when washing hand?
Thumb
- Protects the skin and mucous membranes from exposure to infectious materials in spray or spatter
- Should be worn whenever there is potential for contact with spray or spatter
- Should be removed when leaving work areas
PPE
What is the most common mod of pathogen transmission?
Hands
What does proper cough ettiqute do?
Contain Respiratory Secretions, prevent their spreading.
- Defined as needlestick or cut with sharp object.
- Most involve burs, needles, and other sharp objects.
- These injuries pose the risk of bloodborne pathogen transmission to DHCP and patients.
sharps containers!
Sharps!
- Education; est. rationale policied
- Immunization
- Work practice control (To eliminate or isolate hazards and promote safer behavior in the workplace)
- Administratative control (To promote an understanding of policies and practices related to medical conditions, post exposure evaluation and follow-up, and work restrictions.)
Expansion on standard precautions
____ Are More Effective in Killing Bacteria Than Soap and Water
Alcohol-Based Hand Rubs
These precautions may be applied empirically, predicated on clinical signs and symptoms of infection, until the suspected pathogen is either identified or the infectious status of the patient is ruled out.
when standard precautions dont help stop spread of pathogen
Transmission based precautions
INCLUDE:
* contact precautions,
* droplet precautions, and
* airborne precautions associated with droplet nuclei
Transmission based precautions
What 3 things do you look for when reviewing pt. medical history?
- their**history of exposure **to infectious pathogens,
- any medical conditions that may increase their susceptibility to infectious diseases, and
- any **signs and symptoms **of infectious disease.
Ideally, the medical history should be elicited from patients in their ____
primary language
Intended to prevent transmission of pathogens spread by contact with an infected person, contaminated objects, or environmental surfaces.
Ex: MRSA, VRE, diarrheal illnesses, open wounds, RSV
Contact Precatutions
What do you put on first gloves or gown?
GOWN FIRST
- In the waiting room,greater than 3 feet of physical separation is recommended between infected and other patients.
- HCP must wear a gown and gloves for all interactions with the patient.
- The gown and gloves should be do**nned upon entering and removed before exiting **the dental treatment room
Contact Precautions
Intended to prevent the transmission of pathogens by droplets through close respiratory or mucous membrane contact with respiratory secretions.
Ex: pneumonia, influenza, whooping cough, bacterial meningitis
The risk of inhalation is generally limited to within 3 feet of the source.
In the waiting room, a ≥ 3-foot physical separation between infected and other patients is recommended.
HCP must wear a surgical mask for all close contact with the patient.
The mask should be donned upon entering and removed before exiting the dental treatment room
Droplet Precautions
Intended to prevent the transmission of infectious agents that remain suspended in air for long periods and travel long distances from the source.
Ex: rubeola virus, the varicella virus, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Provisional diagnosis of an airborne infectious disease should be considered for any patient with signs and symptoms of respiratory tract infection.
Isolate pt.
Routine dental care should be postponed until a physician either rules out infection or confirms that the patient is no longer infectious.
Airborne Precautions
**Patients with suspected or confirmed airborne infections requiring care must be treated in an AIIR engineered to **
- provide negative pressure in the room;
- have an 6-12 air change rate per hour (ACH), and
- direct exhaust of air to the outside of the building or recirculate air in the room through a high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter.
Treating pt with airborn infections
