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PBL Week 1 > Infection control > Flashcards

Infection control Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main causes of antibiotic resistance?

A

Over prescription of antibiotic

Patient not finishing entire course

Poor infection control in healthcare settings

Poor hygiene & sanitatio

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2
Q

How does antibiotics resistance develop?

A
  • Random mutation in DNA of individual bacterial cells.
  • Mutation protects the bacterial cell from the effects of the antibiotic - becomes antibiotic resistant.
  • Bacteria w/out the mutation die when the antibiotic is present
  • Antibiotic resistant bacteria survive & reproduce w/ less competition from non-resistant bacterial strains.
  • Genes for antibiotic resistance are passed to the offspring.
  • Over time, whole population of bacteria becomes antibiotic resistant- antibiotic resistant bacteria are best suited to their environment.
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3
Q

How to prevent antibiotic resistance?

A

A
Take them as prescribed

Don’t take other peoples

Finish the full course

Don’t take for virus

High hospital hygiene

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4
Q

Viral infections that are spread by mosquitoes?

A

Yellow fever

Zika

Dengue fever

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5
Q

Methods to control moquitor-borne viral infections & how are these effective?

A

Remove stagnant water-Removes area for mosquito to reproduce & Interferes w/ normal lifecycle

Mosquito nets Acts as a barrier to prevent mosquitoes biting patient

Use of insecticides- Kills adult mosquitoes - Toxic to mosquitoes
environment

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6
Q

Infection control in clinical setting & staff?

A
  1. Isolation
  2. Patient screening e.g. STI screening
  3. Staff:
    - Education
    - Hand hygiene- hand washing
    - Sharps management & disposal
    - Use of PPE- masks, gloves, gowns
    - Immunisation & vaccinations
    - Screening health workers for disease- TB, Hep B, MRSA
    - Use of condoms to prevent STI
    - Aseptic techniques
  4. Handling, storage & disposal of clinical waste
    - Containment & safe removal of spilled blood & body fluids
    - Sterilisation & disinfection of equipment
    - Ventilated air
    - Food hygiene
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7
Q

How to reduce post-operative infections?

A

Aseptic tehcnique- PPE, hand washing,

Ventilation

Antibiotic prophylaxis

Sterilised equipment

Limiting number of people present during surgery

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8
Q

What is healthcare acquired infections? Give 4 examples

A

Infection acquired more than 72 hours after admission

E.g. MRSA, clostridium dificile, ESBL

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9
Q

Common infections in hospital?

A
  • MRSA,
  • C.difficile
  • Norovirus
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10
Q

Main transmission routes of bacteria & viruses in hospital & methods of prevention

A

Direct contact- people to people

Indirect person to person contact

Animals

Environment

NOTE- more info in public health LO

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11
Q

How to reduce animal to person spread occur?

A

-Reduce infection in animals by putting them in hygienic environments
- pasteurize milk
- Hand washing & PPE.
- Improve food handling to reduce chance of food poisoning.
- Cull infected animals to prevent spread

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12
Q

How to reduce environment to person spread?

A

-enforce good practice w/ built environment so infection spread won’t happen (good sanitation like good drinking water)
-Encourage safe activities in environment that won’t lead to any spread of infection
- modify environment- using water treatment to prevent contamination of water

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13
Q

Examples of healthcare associated infections? How to prevent their spread?

A

MRSA
- associated w/ poor hygiene & indwelling catheters
- hand washing important & PPE

Clostridium difficile
- associated w/ prolonged antibiotic usage, use of protein pump inhibitors & poor hygiene
- don’t overprescribe antibiotics, don’t overuse protein pump inhibitors & wash hands.

Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)
- associated w/ urinary catheters- prevented using correct PPE for catheter usage.

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14
Q

Response to infection?

A

-Surveillance to detect organism outbreaks & antimicrobial resistance
- Isolation
- Vector control
- Vaccination- active or passive- herd immunity
- offer prophylaxis (treatment e.g. antibiotics or action taken to prevent)

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15
Q

Definition of reservoir?

A

any person, living organism or environment in which the infectious agent lives & replicates & on which infectious agent is dependent for it survival.

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16
Q

What are human reservoirs?

A
  • those w/ infection can act as reservoir
  • E.g. Staph.aureus, C.difficile
  • To act as reservoir, infection caused must be long-lasting in at least a portion of those affected to enable transmission (TB, STI)
  • Humans only reservoirs to some infections (measles)
17
Q

What are animal reservoirs?

A

Zoonosis- a disease of infection that is naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans

  • Infected animals may be asymptomatic
  • Zoonotic agents may be transmitted via any routers (mentioned below)
  • Primary infection can be transmitted onward between humans- causing secondary disease

HIV/AIDS, Ebola, SARS all thought to have emerged from animal hosts

18
Q

What are environmental reservoirs?

A
  • Many infective pathogens are acquired from environmental source.
  • Some are maintained in human or animal reservoir- environment acts only as a conduit for infection
  • Fungal agents e4.g. histoplasmosis live & multiply in soil
19
Q

What are the modes of transmission of infection?

A

Direct contact- people to people

Indirect person to person contact

Animals

Environment

20
Q

Examples of direct contact?

A
  • Direct
  • Respiratory droplets e.g. flu, covid-19
  • Aerosol transmission - smaller particles = stay around in air e.g. TB, Covi-19?
  • Faecal-oral spread e.g. dysentry
  • Close contact e.g. Meningcococcal menigitis
  • Sex e.g. Gonorrhoea
21
Q

Examples of indirect contact?

A
  • Food borne e.g. staphylcoccocal food poisoning
  • Waterborne e.g. cryptosporidium
  • Fomites e.g. door handles
  • Sharing needles e.g HIV, Hep B
  • Vector-borne e.g. Malaria (mosquitos)
22
Q

examples of animal transmission?

A
  • Livestock - from food e.g. salmonella, E coli
  • Domestic pets - direct e.g. campylobacter or indirect e.g. faecal contamination in soil e.g Toxocariasis
  • Wild animals e.g. Lymes disease from tics
23
Q

Example of environment transmission?

A
  • Build environemnt e.g. legionnaires disease - stagnant water in taps
  • Natural environment e.g. Estuary syndrome, Naegleria meningitis
24
Q

What can we do to prevent emergent diseases?

A

Health services:
- Training - for health professionals e.h. regular hand washing sessions & cleaning of equipment.
- Good communication e.g giving out leaflets or posters to public providing info on how to avoid catching a disease & therefore controlling it.
- Surveillance - data is retrieved & analysed from different sources to look at trends of infectious organisms that could grow & be a threat e.g. (antibiotic resistant bacteria).
- Epidemiology to understand spread of a pathogen & hence prepare protective measures.

General Public:
- Trade restrictions to avoid interacting w/ wild animals that act as reservoirs for disease.
- Travel restrictions to avoid bringing back diseases from other countries.
- general society should also assist health services by following guidance on how to stop spread of diseases.

PBL Week 1 (8 decks)

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