Infection control Flashcards
Infection Control refers to:
The policies and procedures used to minimise the detection, prevention and management of infection.
These policies refer to:
Ho………………
GP su……………..
N…………../r………………. homes
H……………… ………………..
Infection Control refers to: The policies and procedures used to minimise the detection, prevention and management of infection. These policies refer to: Hospitals GP surgeries Nursing/residential homes Healthcare facilities
Why is Infection Control Important?
Healthcare associated infections (……….):
Infections transmitted to patients as a result of healthcare procedures:
- In ho…………..
-In other healthcare settings.
Recent years have seen an increase in the awareness in HAI’s particularly those caused by …………………………………. ‘super bugs’.
Why is Infection Control Important?
Healthcare associated infections (HAI’s):
Infections transmitted to patients as a result of healthcare procedures:
[ In hospital
[ In other healthcare settings.
Recent years have seen an increase in the awareness in HAI’s particularly those caused by antibiotic resistant ‘super bugs’.
Hospital Acquired Infections
Hospital acquired infections are caused by a wide variety of micro organisms:
S……………… a……………..
M……………. re………….. s………… a…………..(MRSA)
E………..
Cl……………… d……………..
Str………………. p……………….
Hospital Acquired Infections
Hospital acquired infections are caused by a wide variety of micro organisms:
Staph aureus
Methicillin resistant staph aureus (MRSA)
E.coli
Clostridium dificille
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Why is Infection Control Important?
Estimated that ,,,,,,,,,,% of inpatients have a HAI at one time.
Equivalent to ………………… HAI per year.
Estimated that HAI cause ……………. deaths per year.
Also contribute to ……………….. deaths per year in the UK.
This problem is estimated to cost the NHS at least 1 billion per year.
Why is Infection Control Important?
Estimated that 8.2% of inpatients have a HAI at one time.
Equivalent to 280,000 HAI per year.
Estimated that HAI cause 5,000 deaths per year.
Also contribute to 15,000 deaths per year in the UK.
This problem is estimated to cost the NHS at least 1 billion per year.
Why is Infection Control Important?
Hospital acquired infection can be caused by both b…………… and vi…………….
Surgical devices and instruments provide a route of entry for HAI’s.
The most common types of HAI occur in:
The l………….., p…………….. (13.9%)
The u……….. t…………. (19.7%)
S………, su………….. si………. (13.8%
G…………….. system (22%)
Why is Infection Control Important? Hospital acquired infection can be caused by both bacteria and viruses. Surgical devices and instruments provide a route of entry for HAI’s. The most common types of HAI occur in: The lungs, pneumonia (13.9%) The urinary tract (19.7%) Skin, surgical sites (13.8% Gastrointestinal system (22%)
Risk Factors for Hospital Acquired Infections
Underlying illness
Particularly patient on …….. or receiving ……………….
The use of medical devices
….% of urinary tract infections linked to ………..s.
60% of blood infections linked to ……………….s lines.
Risk Factors for Hospital Acquired Infections
Underlying illness
Particularly patient on ICU or receiving chemotherapy.
The use of medical devices
80% of urinary tract infections linked to catheters.
60% of blood infections linked to intravenous lines.
Risk Factors for Hospital Acquired Infections
Spread of HAI are also related to:
Bed occupancy …………..
Most NHS hospitals operate
Risk Factors for Hospital Acquired Infections
Spread of HAI are also related to:
Bed occupancy rates.
Most NHS hospitals operate <82% bed occupancy.
Some < 98%
Increased movement of patients.
Patient movement within the same hospital.
Patient movement to different hospitals.
The type of hospital.
Teaching hospitals, increased rate of HAI’s.
More vulnerable patients, more complex procedures
Combating Hospital Acquired Infections
Better Hygiene in the Healthcare Setting:
Improving c…………… and reducing HAI’s were listed as one of the governments priorities in 2008/09.
NHS organisations set a target by 2008 of reducing annual numbers of ……….. s. i…………….. nfections to less than half.
By 2011 a target of 30% reduction in ….difficile infections nationally.
Combating Hospital Acquired InfectionsBetter Hygiene in the Healthcare Setting:
Improving cleanliness and reducing HAI’s were listed as one of the governments priorities in 2008/09.
NHS organisations set a target by 2008 of reducing annual numbers of MRSA septicaemia infections to less than half.
By 2011 a target of 30% reduction in C.difficile infections nationally.
Combating Hospital Acquired Infections
Combating Hospital Acquired Infections The Infection Control Team. Usually comprise of: .......... consultant or Doctor. Infection Control Nurses. Admi.............. staff.
Roles are:
Advise on measure to tackle HAI’s.
To imp…………….. programmes to stop HAI’s in the first place.
Monitoring and dealing with outbreak situations.
Both within and outside of the hospital setting.
Educate members of staff in Infection Control policies and techniques.
Combating Hospital Acquired Infections
Combating Hospital Acquired Infections The Infection Control Team. Usually comprise of: One consultant or Doctor. Infection Control Nurses. Administration staff.
Roles are:
Advise on measure to tackle HAI’s.
To implement programmes to stop HAI’s in the first place.
Monitoring and dealing with outbreak situations.
Both within and outside of the hospital setting.
Educate members of staff in Infection Control policies and techniques.
Improving Hygiene
Improving hygiene within healthcare settings.
In particular – hand hygiene
Hygiene practices have improved in recent years.
Standards of cleanliness however ……….. within and between different hospitals.
Many clinicians and patients are still concerned regarding overall cleanliness.
Improving Hygiene
Improving hygiene within healthcare settings.
In particular – hand hygiene
Hygiene practices have improved in recent years.
Standards of cleanliness however vary within and between different hospitals.
Many clinicians and patients are still concerned regarding overall cleanliness.
Improving Hygiene
Healthcare Commission survey of adult in-patients reported:
… in …. felt that bathrooms and toilets were not very clean or not clean at all.
A further study of hand hygiene among first year medical students revealed:
…% compliance rate with proper hygiene procedures.
Improving Hygiene
Healthcare Commission survey of adult in-patients reported:
1 in 8 felt that bathrooms and toilets were not very clean or not clean at all.
A further study of hand hygiene among first year medical students revealed:
9% compliance rate with proper hygiene procedures.
Hand Hygiene
In 1938 Price established that bacteria found on the hands could be divided into two categories:
Tra…………
Re…………..
Total bacterial counts from Healthcare Workers hands have ranged from:
3….. x 10^4 to 4….. x 10^…. CFU/cm2
The hands of some Healthcare Workers may become persistently colonised with pathogenic f….. for example:
Staph a……………
Y…………..
Gram negative b…………..
Hand Hygiene
In 1938 Price established that bacteria found on the hands could be divided into two categories:
Transient
Resident
Total bacterial counts from Healthcare Workers hands have ranged from:
3.9 x 104 to 4.6 x 106 CFU/cm2
The hands of some Healthcare Workers may become persistently colonised with pathogenic flora for example:
Staph aureus
Yeast
Gram negative bacilli
Hand Hygiene
WHO guidelines on hand hygiene in healthcare indicate that the spread of healthcare associated pathogens from person to person requires 5 steps:
Organisms are present on the patients ………. or have been ………… on inanimate objects immediately surrounding the patient.
Organisms must be transferred to the hands of healthcare workers.
Organisms must be capable of surviving on healthcare workers hands.
Hand hygiene must be in……………… or omitted or the agent used for hand hygiene is inadequate.
The contaminated hand or hands must be in direct contact with another patient or in…………….. objects that will also come into direct contact.
Hand Hygiene
WHO guidelines on hand hygiene in healthcare indicate that the spread of healthcare associated pathogens from person to person requires 5 steps:
Organisms are present on the patients skin or have been shed on inanimate objects immediately surrounding the patient.
Organisms must be transferred to the hands of healthcare workers.
Organisms must be capable of surviving on healthcare workers hands.
Hand hygiene must be inadequate or omitted or the agent used for hand hygiene is inadequate.
The contaminated hand or hands must be in direct contact with another patient or inanimate objects that will also come into direct contact.
Patient Screening
Screening within England:
All GP’s or Pre Assessment Clinics
All patients awaiting elective admissions.
2011:
All emergency admissions must also be //////////////.
Greater increase in samples.
More burden to //////////s.
Patient Screening
Screening within England:
All GP’s or Pre Assessment Clinics
All patients awaiting elective admissions.
2011:
All emergency admissions must also be screened.
Greater increase in samples.
More burden to laboratories.
Screening
Estimated that up to ....% of patients may be carrying MRSA. Swabs obtained from: No....... Th............. A.............. G..................... Any wo.............. site
Screening – close to procedure date as possible
Screening
Estimated that up to 5% of patients may be carrying MRSA. Swabs obtained from: Nose Throat Axilla Groin Any wound site Screening – close to procedure date as possible
