Infection And Response P1

Question 1

What is a communicable disease

Answer 1

• a disease spread from person to person (eg measles)

- it is spread by pathogens such as bacteria or viruses

Question 2

What is health

Answer 2

The state of physical and mental well being

Question 3

What is TB

Answer 3

Tuberculosis, a communicable disease

Question 4

Why would HIV increase the risk of contracting a different disease such as TB

Answer 4

• in most people, the immune system can fight off TB

- people with defective immune systems (from HIV) are more likely to suffer from infectious diseases

Question 5

How can diseases be triggered

Answer 5

• by the immune system eg allergies

- mental illnesses can be triggered by a physical illness eg arthritis

Question 6

What are viruses an example of

Answer 6

A pathogen

Question 7

What is a pathogen

Answer 7

A microorganism that causes infectious disease

Question 8

Key fact about viruses

Answer 8

• cannot be killed by antibiotics

Question 9

Symptoms of measles

Answer 9

- fever

- red skin rash

Question 10

How is measles spread

Answer 10

• In droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes

- the virus is then passed onto a different person when the droplets are inhaled

Question 11

Why are children vaccinated against measles

Answer 11

• measles can cause damage to the breathing system and the brain
• it can be fatal

Question 12

Symptoms of HIV

Answer 12

• flu like illness

Question 13

Why does HIV effect the immune system

Answer 13

• The virus attacks the cells of the patients immune system and it can be severely damaged
• this makes it harder for the immune system to fight off other infected that are usually easily dealt with

Question 14

What is the treatment for HIV

Answer 14

• antiretroviral drugs that stop the virus from multiplying inside the patient
• stops the risk of AIDS
• NOT a cure, has to be taken for rest of patients life

Question 15

How is HIV transmitted

Answer 15

• through the exchange of fluids between humans
• unprotected sex
• shared infected needles

Question 16

Are salmonella and gonorrhoea communicable

Answer 16

Yes

Question 17

How can bacteria be killed

Answer 17

Using antibiotics

Question 18

How is salmonella spread

Answer 18

The bacteria that causes salmonella food poisoning are spread by ingesting infected food

Question 19

What cause the symptoms of salmonella

Answer 19

The toxins that the bacteria secrete

Question 20

Symptoms of salmonella

Answer 20

• fever
• abdominal cramps
• vomiting
• diarrhoea

Question 21

How is the spread of disease (salmonella) controlled

Answer 21

In the UK all chicken are vaccinated against salmonella

Question 22

What is gonorrhoea and what are the symptoms

Answer 22

• An STD
• thick yellow or green discharge from penis/vagina
• pain when urinating

Question 23

Why is gonorrhoea not as easily treated now

Answer 23

There are antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria but antibiotics are still used to treat it

Question 24

How to prevent the spread of gonorrhoea

Answer 24

• using a condom during sex (stops bacteria from passing from person to person)
• people having unprotected sex should be tested for gonorrhoea

Question 25

What do pathogens include

Answer 25

• bacteria (salmonella, gonorrhoea)
• viruses (plant- tobacco mosaic virus, animal- HIV)
• fungi plant- rose black spot, animal- athletes foot)
• protists (malaria)

Question 26

How do bacteria make us I’ll

Answer 26

• once inside the body, bacteria reproduce rapidly
• bacteria then release toxins
• the toxins damage tissues and make us feel ill

Question 27

How are viruses different to bacteria

Answer 27

Viruses cannot reproduce themselves and can only reproduce inside a host cell

Question 28

How does a virus work

Answer 28

• virus invades host cell
• virus reproduces inside host cell
• when virus leaves, cell can burst and die

Question 29

How are pathogens spread

Answer 29

• water droplets in air (influenza)
• directly in water (cholera)
• direct contact between individuals (HIV)

Question 30

How to reduce the spread of pathogens

Answer 30

• washing your hands
• clean drinking water
• using a condom
• vaccination

Question 31

Examples of fungal diseases

Answer 31

Rose black spot

Question 32

Symptoms of athletes foot, where is it usually spread and how is it treated

Answer 32

• wet white cracked skin or dry red and flaky
• by touching infected skin or surfaces that have previously been infected
• antifungal medication

Question 33

What is malaria

Answer 33

• A communicable disease

- the malaria pathogen is an example of a protist

Question 34

Symptoms of malaria

Answer 34

• repeated bouts of fever

Question 35

How is malaria transmitted

Answer 35

• through vectors (carries the pathogen from one person to another)
• the infected person is bitten by a mosquito, the malaria pathogen is passed into the mosquito
• the mosquito bites a different person and passes the malaria pathogen to them

Question 36

How to prevent the spread of malaria

Answer 36

• find areas of still water and drain them or spray them with insecticide
• mosquito nets

Question 37

What is the job of the non specific defence system

Answer 37

• to prevent pathogens from entering the human body

Question 38

What factors are there of the non specific defence system

Answer 38

• the SKIN which forms a protective layer covering body
• the NOSE contains hairs and mucus which trap pathogens before they enter the breathing system
• the LUNGS contain cilia
• the STOMACH contains hydrochloric acid

Question 39

How does the body prevent pathogens from entering the lungs

Answer 39

The bronchi and the trachea are covered with tiny hairs called cilia

Question 40

What does cilia do

Answer 40

• they are covered in mucus and trap pathogens

- they then waft the mucus towards the throat where it is swallowed into the stomach