infection and response Flashcards
how do nostrils prevent pathogens entering them?
with their nose hairs, sticky mucus and cilia
how does the respiratory system prevent pathogens entering the body?
lined with mucus, cilia move the mucus upwards to be removed.
how does the stomach stop pathogens from entering the body?
stomach acid kills most of it
what happens when some pathogens make it into the body?
the immune system tries to kill them
what are white blood cells?
the cells that fight off pathogens.
how do white blood cells know the difference between proteins and pathogens?
because they have a different surface
what are surface proteins called
antigens
what can white blood cells do to speed up reaction time?
they remember what antibody they had to make the last time they had to fight off the pathogen and make it more quickly.
what does a vaccine contain?
vaccines contain a small amount of dead or inactive form of the pathogen that can be introduced to the body.
can all bacterial infections use the same antibiotic
no
can antibiotics be used to treat viral infections?
no
what happens when bacteria mutates?
it can become resistant to antibiotics and new strains have to be formed.
digitalis is a drug for heart conditions…
it originates from foxgloves
aspirin is a drug used as a painkiller…
it originates from willow tree bark
penicillin is an antibiotic drug…
it originates from mould
what is meant by the following terms?
- efficacy
- toxicity
- optimum dose
- how effective the drug is
- how poisonous the drug is
- minimum amount of the drug that provides the best response
steps taken before a drug is released to the public…
- drugs are trialled in labs on cells and tissue cultures
- drugs are trialled on live animals.
- drugs are trialled on healthy volunteers.
- drugs are trialled on live animals.
what is a placebo?
a medicine that does not contain the drug that is being trialled
why are placebos used?
a placebo is used to check that there are no other factors which may cause the patients condition to improve without the drug
put these statements in order to show how monoclonal antibodies are produced.
- mouse lymphocytes produce antibodies
- the antibodies are collected and purified
- mouse lymphocytes are collected
- mouse is injected with pathogen
- hybridoma cells are separated and cultured to form a clone
- mouse lymphocyte and mouse tumour cell are fused
- the clone produces large quantities of antibody
- mouse is injected with pathogen
- mouse lymphocytes produce antibodies
- mouse lymphocytes are collected
- mouse lymphocyte and mouse tumour cell are fused
- hybridoma cells are separated and cultured to form a clone
- the clone produces large quantities of antibody
- the antibodies are collected and purified
what are the applications of monoclonal antibodies
- pregnancy testing
- used to measure levels of hormones and other chemicals in blood
- treat some cancers by delivering a toxic drug to cancer cells
- to find various molecules in cells or tissues by binding to them with a fluorescent dye
why do some people feel the use of monoclonal antibodies is unethical?
- mouse has to suffer the disease deliberately
- mouse is induced to have cancer
- treatments not always safe
- it’s very expensive and money could be better used
name 3 ways you can tell a plant is diseased?
-leaf spots/discolouration
-malformed stems or leaves
presence of pests
-stunted growth
-areas of decay
ways a plant stops animals eating it mechanically?
to stop herbivores eating it, they grow thorns or hairs
ways a plant stops animals eating it chemically?
to fight off pathogens/bacteria/herbivores/animals the plant releases antibacterial or poisonous chemicals
ways a plant stops animals eating it physically?
to defend itself from herbivore and pathogen entry dead bark coating falls off
ways a plant stops animals eating it physically?
waxy cuticle/cellulose cell walls are hard to penetrate
why are nitrate ions very important for plants?
Nitrate is crucial for protein synthesis and hence growth. without sufficient nitrate ions, the plant would be stunted
what is chlorosis and how can it be prevented?
the yellowing of leaves. it can be prevented by getting the plant magnesium
why would a test kit containing monoclonal antibodies be useful to detect plant disease?
the monoclonal antibodies can be used to detect a particular chemical which is only present in one type of pathogen. this would then show whether the plant was infected or not