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BIOLOGY PAPER 1 > INFECTION AND RESPONSE > Flashcards

INFECTION AND RESPONSE Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a pathogen?

A

a microorganism that enters the body and cause disease e.g bacteria, fungi, protists, virus

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2
Q

what type of disease do they cause?

A

communicable (infectious)

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3
Q

what are bacteria?

A

small cells that reproduce fast in the body (1/100th the size of cells)

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4
Q

how does bacteria make you feel ill?

A

release toxins that damage cells and tissues

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5
Q

what are viruses?

A

not cells - 1/100th the size of bacterium that reproduce fast

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6
Q

how does viruses make you ill?

A

live inside your cells and replicate then they burst which releases viruses

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7
Q

what are protists?

A

single celled eukaryotes

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8
Q

how do protists make you ill?

A

live on/inside other organisms and damages them OR transferred to the organism by a vector

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9
Q

what is a vector?

A

something that transfers disease without being affected

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10
Q

what is fungi?

A

single celled eukaryotes - some have a body made up of hyphae

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11
Q

why is hyphae dangerous?

A

they grow and penetrate human skin and plant surfaces OR produce spores which can be spread

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12
Q

how can pathogens be spread?

A

water e.g cholera - bacterial infection spread by drinking contaminated water
air - sneezes/coughs e.g influenza
direct contact e.g athletes foot

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13
Q

examples of viral diseases?

A

measals
HIV
TMV

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14
Q

how is measals spread?

A

droplets from an infected person’s sneeze/cough

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15
Q

what are the effects of measals?

A

red skin rash, fever, pneumonia, inflammation of the brain

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16
Q

how is HIV (virus) spread?

A

sexual contact or exchanging body fluids or sharing needles

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17
Q

what are the effects of HIV?

A

flu like symptoms

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18
Q

how is HIV treated?

A

antiretroviral drugs - stop the virus from replicating

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19
Q

what is TMV?

A

tobacco mosaic virus - affects plants

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20
Q

what are the effects of TMV?

A

mosaic pattern on leaves, discolouration of leaves - can’t carry out photosynthesis -> affects growth

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21
Q

example of fungal disease?

A

rose black spot

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22
Q

what is rose black spot?

A

fungus

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23
Q

what are the effects of rose black spot?

A

causes purple/black spots on leaves, then turns yellow and falls off -> can’t photosynthesise -> plant can’t grow

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24
Q

how does rose black spot spread?

A

water and wind

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25
Q

how can rose black spot be treated?

A

fungicides OR remove the affected leaves then destroy them

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26
Q

example of a disease from a protist?

A

malaria

27
Q

how is malaria spread?

A

everytime a mosquito feeds on an animal, it infects it by inserting the protist into the animals blood vessel

28
Q

how can malaria be prevented?

A

insecticides and mosquito nets

29
Q

examples of bacterial diseases?

A

salmonella
gonorrhoea

30
Q

what is salmonella?

A

type of bacteria that causes food poisoning

31
Q

what are the effects of salmonella?

A

fever, cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea

32
Q

what causes salmonella?

A

toxins that bacteria produces

33
Q

how can you get salmonella?

A

eating foods that have been contaminated with salmonella bacteria

34
Q

what is gonorrhoea?

A

sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by bacteria

35
Q

how is gonorrhoea spread?

A

sexual contact

36
Q

what are the effects of gonorrhoea?

A

pain during urination
thick yellow/green discharge

37
Q

how can gonorrhoea be prevented?

A

antibiotics and barrier methods (condoms etc)

38
Q

how can the spread of disease be prevented/reduced?

A

staying hygienic
destroying vectors
isolating infected individuals
vaccines

39
Q

how does the body fight against disease?

A

skin - barrier to pathogens, secretes antimicrobial substances
hair and mucus (nose) - traps particles -> trap pathogens
trachea and bronchi - secrete muscus to trap pathogens
stomach - produces hydrochloric acid -> kills pathogens

40
Q

how does the immunse system attack pathogens?

A

white blood cells:
1. phagocytosis - engulf foreign cells and digest them
2. produce antibodies - every pathogens have antigens on their surface -> white blood cells detect foreign antigens and produce antibodies (proteins) to lock on the antigen - if this happens too much then it becomes naturally immune
3. produce antitoxins

41
Q

what are vaccines?

A

dead/inactive pathogens e.g MMR

42
Q

how do vaccines work?

A

they carry antigens which causes your body to produce antibodies

43
Q

what are the advantages of vaccines?

A

helps control communicable diseases e.g measals, mumps, tetanus -> smallpox doesn’t exist anymore
epidemics are prevented

44
Q

what are the disadvantages of vaccines?

A

don’t always give immunity
bad reaction to vaccine e.g swelling, fever, seizure

45
Q

what are painkillers?

A

drugs that relieve pain e.g morphine, asprin but don’t tackle the disease or kill pathogens - just relieve symptom

46
Q

what do antibiotics do?

A

kill the bacteria causing the problem without killing your body cells BUT don’t kill viruses

47
Q

why doesn’t antibiotics kill viruses?

A

viruses reproduce using your body cells

48
Q

why can bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?

A

they can mutate which causes some to be resistant

49
Q

what are the dangers of resistant strains of bacteria?

A

cause a serious infection that can’t be treated e.g MRSA is resistant to methicillin

50
Q

how can resistance be slowed down?

A

doctors should avoid over-prescribing antibiotics, only prescibe it when it is serious and finish the whole course of antibiotics

51
Q

where did drugs originally come from?

A

plants - produce a variety of chemicals to defend themselves against pests/pathogens e.g. asprin (willow) and digitalis (foxgloves)
mircoorganisms - alexander fleming -> penicillin

52
Q

what are the (3) stages of drug testing?

A
  1. tested on human cells/tissues
  2. test on live animals
  3. tested on human volunteers
53
Q

what are statins?

A

drugs that reduce cholestrol

54
Q

what is a parasite and examples?

A

an organism that lives in its host to get food e.g. fungi and protists

55
Q

give examples of drugs that used to be extracted from plants and organisms.

A

asprin - willow tree
penicillin - mould

56
Q

what do white blood cells produce?

A

antitoxins - to neutralise poisons

57
Q

what do pathogens produce?

A

antibodies - stick to an antigen on a pathogen

58
Q

what is a lymphocyte?

A

type of immune cell made in the bone marrow

59
Q

do fungicides treat diseases or infections?

A

infections

60
Q

what is aseptic?

A

prevent contamination

61
Q

what is antiseptic?

A

using chemical agents to inhibit the growth of microorganisms

62
Q

what is culture?

A

a growth of microorganisms in a specially prepared nutrient medium under supervised conditions

63
Q

at what degrees is culture incubated?

A

25

BIOLOGY PAPER 1 (4 decks)

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