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huda bio > Infection and Response > Flashcards

Infection and Response Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

A disease that is caused by a pathogen which can be passed between animals or plants eg. flu.

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2
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A disease-causing microorganism e.g. bacteria.

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3
Q

How do bacteria cause disease?

A

Once inside the body they divide rapidly by binary fission. They kill cells and produce harmful toxins. The toxins damage tissues and make us feel ill.

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4
Q

What is different about viruses compared to bacteria?

A

They can’t reproduce by themselves. They can only reproduce inside a host cell.

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5
Q

How do viruses work?

A
  1. Virus invades the host cell.
  2. Virus reproduces inside the host cell which is very damaging to the cell.
  3. When the virus leaves the cell, it causes the cell to burst and die.
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6
Q

Give 3 ways in which pathogens can be spread?

A

By air - flu, tuberculosis and the common cold are spread by droplet infection.
By water - fungal spores in water spread plant diseases.
By direct contact - common in sexually transmitted infections.

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7
Q

4 types of pathogens?

A

Protist
Bacteria
Virus
Fungi

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8
Q

4 ways the spread of pathogen can be prevented?

A

Hygiene - washing hands.
Vaccination
Removing Vectors - use of pesticides and insecticides, removal of habitats.
Reducing contact with infected individuals - quarantine.

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9
Q

Why is it important to prevent the spread of disease?

A

Scientists dont have a cure for many viral diseases.

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10
Q

What is measles?

A

A serious viral disease that can cause blindness and brain damage. The main symptoms are a fever and a red skin rash. Many children are vaccinated since it can be fatal.

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11
Q

How is measles spread?

A

By air - through the inhalation of droplets from coughs and sneezes.

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12
Q

What is HIV/AIDS?

A

HIV is a virus that attacks and damages the immune system until it can no longer function properly. AIDS is the condition resulting from a long term HIV infection. There is no cure/vaccination for HIV/AIDS.

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13
Q

How is HIV spread?

A

Direct sexual contact and the exchange of bodily fluids - blood and breastmilk.

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14
Q

How can the spread of HIV/AIDS be prevented?

A

Use of condoms.
Screening of blood for transfusions.
Not sharing needles.
Bottle feeding by HIV positive mothers.
Use of anti-retroviral drugs to prevent the development of AIDS.

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15
Q

What is tobacco mosaic virus?

A

A plant pathogen which causes leaf discoloration when cells are damaged.
Affected areas cannot photosynthesise reducing the crop yield.
As there is no treatment, farmers grow TMV resistant crop strains to avoid infection.

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16
Q

How is TMV spread?

A

Contacts between healthy and infected plants.
Insects may act as vectors which transfer the virus between different plants.

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17
Q

What is salmonella?

A

A type of bacteria found in raw meat, poultry and eggs. If they enter the body via food poisoning they can affect natural gut bacteria.

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18
Q

Symptoms of salmonella poisoning?

A

Fever
Abdominal cramping
Vomiting
Diarrhoea
May be fatal in very young children or elderly populations due to the risk of dehydration.

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19
Q

How can the spread of salmonella be limited?

A

Thoroughly cook meat.
Disinfect hands and surfaces after contact with raw meat.
Keep raw meat away from cooked meat.
Vaccinating animals intended for consumption.

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20
Q

What is gonorrhoea?

A

A sexually transmitted bacterial infection caused by unprotected sex with an infected individual. Early symptoms include yellow/green discharge from the genitals and painful urination although it can be symptomless.

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21
Q

How can the spread of gonorrhoea be controlled?

A

Use of condoms. Use of antibiotics - no longer penicillin as many strains are resistant

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22
Q

What is rose black spot?

A

A fungal disease which causes purple or black spots to develop on rose leaves. It reduces the area of leaf that is available for photosynthesis and causes leaves to turn yellow and drop prematurely.

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23
Q

How is rose black spot spread?

A

By the wind and water.

24
Q

How can rose black spot be treated?

A

Using fungicides
Destroying infected leaves.

25
Q

What is malaria?

A

Caused by a protist pathogen.
The disease is carried from host to host by mosquitoes and the protist enters the human bloodstream when they feed.

26
Q

Symptoms of malaria?

A

Fever
Shaking
Can be fatal in some cases.

27
Q

How can the spread of malaria be reduced?

A

Using insecticides.
Using insect nets to prevent bites.
Antimalarial drugs.
Removing stagnant water to prevent mosquito breeding.

28
Q

How does the skin prevent pathogens from entering the body?

A

Acts a physical barrier.
Scab formation after the skin is wounded.

29
Q

How does the respiratory system prevent pathogens from entering the body?

A

Nose - has hairs and mucus which trap pathogens.
Trachea and Bronchi - mucus traps pathogens. Ciliated cells move mucus to the mouth so it can be swallowed.

30
Q

How does the stomach prevent pathogens from entering the body?

A

Secretes Hydrochloric Acid which kills any pathogens present.

31
Q

How does phagocytosis protect us against disease?

A

White blood cells (phagocytes) ingest and destroy pathogens so they cannot infect more cells.

32
Q

How does antitoxin production protect us against disease?

A

Antitoxins bind to toxins released by pathogens and neutralise them.

33
Q

How does antibody production protect us against disease?

A

WBC produce antibodies which are complementary to a specific antigen on a pathogen.
The binding of antibodies to antigens causes pathogens to clump together making them easier to destroy.
In the case of a second infection, the correct antibodies can be produced rapidly preventing the person from getting the same disease again.

34
Q

What is a vaccination?

A

Contains a dead or inactive form of the pathogen which stimulates WBC to produce the complementary antibodies to the pathogen.
In the case of a second infection, memory cells can rapidly produce the correct antibodies and prevent illness.

35
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

If a sufficient high proportion of a population are immune to a disease (or are vaccinated) , the spread of the disease will be limited.

36
Q

Advantages of vaccination?

A

They’ve eradicated many deadly diseases e.g smallpox.
Epidemics can be prevented.
Herd immunity protects those who can’t have vaccinations.

37
Q

Disadvantages of vaccination?

A

May be side effects or adverse reactions.
Not guaranteed to work - might not protect against multiple strains of the pathogen.

38
Q

What drugs are used to cure bacterial diseases?

A

Antibiotics- they kill bacterial pathogens in the body.

39
Q

How do antibiotics work?

A

Kill bacterial pathogens in the body but do not kill human cells. Whilst some antibiotics kill a wide range of bacteria, it is important that the right antibiotic is used for specific bacteria.

40
Q

Why can’t antibiotics be used to treat viral infections?

A

Viral pathogens live inside the host’s cells. Thus it is difficult to design drugs that’ll kill the virus and not destroy human cells at the same time.

41
Q

What is antibiotic resistance?

A

Antibiotic resistance occurs when mutations lead to individual bacteria being resistant to an antibiotic. These bacteria are able to survive, reproduce and pass on their alleles leading to a greater proportion of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Thus many bacterial infections can’t be cured.

42
Q

What effect do painkillers have on infectious diseases?

A

Treat symptoms but do not kill pathogens.

43
Q

How can we prevent antibiotic resistance?

A

Avoid overuse or unnecessary use of antibiotics.
Finish the antibiotic course to ensure all of the bacteria is killed.

44
Q

What plant is the heart drug digitalis extracted from?

A

Foxgloves

45
Q

What painkiller originates from a compound found in willow bark?

A

Aspirin.

46
Q

What antibiotic was found by Alexander Fleming from a type of mould?

A

Penicillin.

47
Q

Four qualities of a good medicine?

A

Effective
Stable
Safe
Able to be taken in and removed easily

48
Q

3 main factors that are tested when developing a new drug?

A

Efficacy
Dose
Toxicity

49
Q

How is preclinical testing carried out?

A

In a laboratory using cells, tissues and live animals.

50
Q

How is clinical testing carried out?

A

Using healthy volunteers and patients.
Drug is tested at a low dose on healthy people.
It is then tested on patients and on a larger scale to find the optimum dose.
One group receives the placebo and the other group receive the actual drug to test its efficacy.

51
Q

What is a peer review?

A

The results of a drug trial are checked over by scientists knowledgeable in this field.

52
Q

Difference between a single blind and a double blind trial?

A

In a single blind trial, the doctor knows whether the patient is receiving the drug or the placebo.
In a double blind trial neither the doctor nor the patient knows.
Double blind trials help remove bias on the part of the doctor.

53
Q

Symptoms of disease in a plant (5)

A

Presence of pests
Stunted growth
Decay/Rotting
Spotted leaves
Discolouration.

54
Q

Physical defence responses used by plants? (4)

A

Leaf fall
Cellulose cell walls
Tough waxy cuticle on leaves
Outside layer on stems/bark on trees

55
Q

Mechanical defence responses used by plants (3)?

A

Thorns and hairs to deter animals.
Leaves that droop/curl on contact.
Mimicry to trick animals.

huda bio (8 decks)

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