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biology: paper 1 > infection and response > Flashcards

infection and response Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a pathogen

A

microorganisms that can cause disease

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2
Q

give ways to reduce the spread of infectious disease

A

-Improved hygiene, such as washing hands and cleaning surfaces
-Vaccination
-Killing the vectors that carry pathogens
-Isolating or quarantining people who are infected

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3
Q

give 3 viruses and the symptoms

A

-measels
red rash, fever, can be fatal

-hiv
fever, tiredness, then gets better and damages immune system, AIDS

-tobacco mosaic virus
-affects tobacco & tomato plants
-discolors patches on leaves, photosynthesis wont happen here

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4
Q

what is used for aids

A

antiretroviral drugs
-prevents virus replicating
-used early on, normal life

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5
Q

symptoms of salmonella bacteria

A

infects intestines
-fever
-vomiting
-diarrhoea
-fever
-stomach cramps

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6
Q

gonorrhea symptoms
and treatment and prevention

A

pain when urinating
green/yellow discharge
treatment: penicillin, now there’s resistant strains so have to use rarer and more expensive ones
prevention: avoiding unprotected sex

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7
Q

Bacteria release small proteins called _________. These can damage our cells and are responsible for many of the symptoms of bacterial diseases.

A

toxins

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8
Q

fungi and protists can be ….cellular and ….cellular
and are …… organisms

A

uni and multi
eukaryotic

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9
Q

describe RBS disease
what happens to the leaves
how spreads
treatment

A

-rose black spot, fungal disease
leaves can start to turn yellow and drop off
spreads by the water, wind
treatment: chop off infected leaves (then destroy so fungi can’t spread to other plants), spray plant with fungicide

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10
Q

parasites:

A

-live on or inside another organism
survive at the other orgs expense
-transported by vectors (eg mosquitoes)
who don’t get the disease themselves
eg. malaria, needs human host to survive, trans by mosquitoes

-prevention: moshari, killing vectors and destroying their breeding places

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11
Q

protists are ….. celled …….

A

single celled eukaryotes

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12
Q

name the viral, fungal, protists, and bacterial diseases

A

viral
-measles, HIV, tobacco mosaic virus

fungal
-rose black spot

protist
-malaria

bacterial
-salmonella, gonorrhea

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13
Q

describe the bodies physical defenses against pathogens:

A

-skin
secretes oils and antimicrobial substances that kills pathogens
-nose
hairs and mucus trap pathogens
-trachea and bronchi
secrete mucus that trap pathogens, cilia waft them up to back of throat, swallowed
-stomach
produces HCl, kills most pathogens

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14
Q

how does immune system keep us healthy

A

WHITE BLOOD CELLS
-when they find foreign cells, they bind to them and engulf and digests them- PHAGOCYTOSIS

-produces antibodies
every invading pathogen has antigens on surface, wbc comes across one and starts producing antibodies, lock on to antigens, other wbc can find and destroy them
antibodies prod. rapidly, travel around body and find similar pathogens
if person infected again, antibodies rapidly produced

-produces antitoxins
counteract toxins produced by invading bacteria

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15
Q

how do vaccines work

A

-dead or inactive version of pathogens we want to be immune to inside vaccine
-still same antigens, so body responds by producing antibodies for the pathogen
-now body will have immunity as next time antibodies will be rapidly produced

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16
Q

pros and cons of vaccines

A

PROS
-protection from diseases
-prevent big outbreaks of diseases
-herd immunity

CONS
-don’t always give full immunity
-bad reactions to vacc
-can cause fevers, seizures, very rare

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17
Q

why don’t antibiotics work on viruses

A

-antibiotics made specifically for bacteria
-antibiotics wouldn’t be able to find them as viruses hide in body cells, and impossible to kill virus w/o killing body cell

18
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A microorganism that causes disease

19
Q

aspirin originated from

A

bark of willow trees

20
Q

digitalis used to treat heart problems originated from

A

chemicals in foxgloves

21
Q

who discovered penicillin

A

alexander fleming

22
Q

what is efficacy, toxicity and dosage

A

-how well drug works
-how harmful/ side effects of drug
-how much of drug/ concentration should be given

23
Q

describe the stages in drug testing

A

-STAGE 1, drug tested on human cells/ tissues
pro - cheaply test tons of substances
con -doesn’t tell us the effects on entire organ / organism

-STAGE 2, testing on live mammals
these two stages are preclinical

-STAGE 3, clinical, give to healthy volunteers, low dosage, increasing gradually to check max dosage w/o side effects
-then given to sufferers, slowly inc. for optimum dosage, max efficacy, min toxicity

then double blind trialed, results written up and peer reviewed

24
Q

Why is it important for medical trials to be double-blind?

A

To avoid any bias by the patients and/or researchers

If patients know they received the drug they may be more likely to report side effects

If researchers know who has been given the real drug then they may pay closer attention to those patients

25
Q

what are b-lymphocyte cells

A

a type of wbc

26
Q

describe how monoclonal antibodies are made

A

-inject mouse with antigen we want antibody to bind to, prod lots of b-cells
-needs lots of b-cells, but they don’t div quick enough so
-b-cells combined w/ fast dividing tumour cells, fuse and form hybridoma
-these prod antibodies but also divide rapidly
-left to divide in a petri dish, collected and purified

27
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies?

A

Antibodies made from clones of a single type of cell

28
Q

what hormone do pregnancy tests detect for

A

hCG

29
Q

how do pregnancy tests work

A

-test strip: one side has antibodies to hCG stuck to it, other side has blue beads with antibodies stuck to it, but are free to move

-if preggo, peeing on the blue beads will make the antibodies bind to hCG,
liquid makes them wash off across the other side, gets stuck on other antibodies and turns strip blue
-if not preggo, blue beads just wash off

30
Q

what can be bound to the end of a mono antibody to treat cancer

A

-toxic drugs
-radioactive substance
-a chemical to stop it growing and dividing

31
Q

plants need nitrates for

A

-making proteins for growth
lack of causes stunted growth

32
Q

plants need magnesium for

A

-making chlorophyll, to photosynthesise
lack of causes chlorosis, yellow leaves

33
Q

state the physical, chemical and mechanical defenses of a plant

A

PHYSICAL
-waxy cuticle, cellulose (cell walls), layers of dead cells (bark)

CHEMICAL
-antimicrobials, poisons

MECHANICAL
-thorns and hairs, leaves that curl of droops when insects land on them

34
Q

Magnesium deficiency symptoms include:
* yellow leaves
* stunted growth.
Explain how a deficiency of magnesium could cause these symptoms.
[5 marks]

A

yellow leaves due to lack of chlorophyll
so
less light absorbed (by chloro)
so
lower rate of photosynthesis
so
plant makes less glucose
so
plant converts less glucose into protein (for growth)

35
Q

Explain why a high level of TMV infection reduces growth in a plant.

A

less chlorophyll

less glucose made

36
Q

how do plants and fungi defend themselves from pathogen?

A

PLANTS
cell wall: tough / difficult to penetrate
waxy cuticle: tough / difficult to penetrate
dead cells /bark: fall off, taking pathogens with them
production of antibacterial chemicals kill bacteria

FUNGI
antibiotic production kill bacteria

37
Q

bind fluorescent dye to…

A

mAbs

38
Q

what main things do you test for in the first two stages of clinical testing?

A
  • toxicity
  • dosage
  • efficacy
39
Q

Scientists can produce monoclonal antibodies using mice.
The first step is to inject the virus into a mouse.
Describe the remaining steps in the procedure to produce monoclonal
antibodies.

A

stimulate (mouse) lymphocytes to produce antibody
(create a) hybridoma
* clone (hybridoma) cell
* (hybridoma) divides rapidly and produces the antibody

40
Q

Why were some patients given a placebo?

A

as a control

biology: paper 1 (5 decks)

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