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GCSE Biology > Infection And Response > Flashcards

Infection And Response Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

Any disease that is infectious

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2
Q

What are communicable diseases caused by?

A

In animals and plants infections are caused by
- viruses
- bacteria
- protists
- fungi

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3
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Any virus bacteria protest of fungus that can cause an infectious disease. They are all micro organisms.

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4
Q

Do all micro organisms cause infectious diseases?

A

No, many micro organisms are not pathogens. Some bacteria are useful, for making cheese/yoghurt. We can eat fungi e.g. mushrooms, and Quorn.

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5
Q

How are pathogenic microorganisms spread?

A

Spread of micro organisms can be by direct contact, by water or by air

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6
Q

What do pathogenic bacteria do?

A

Their cells reproduce rapidly inside the body, producing toxins that can damage tissues and make us feel ill

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7
Q

What is salmonella?

A

a type of food poisoning caused by bacteria ingested either in or on food, usually chicken or egg that has been prepared in unhygienic conditions

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8
Q

What are the symptoms of salmonella?

A

Fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting, and diareah are all caused by the salmonella bacteria and all the toxins they produce

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9
Q

How are we kept safe by salmonella?

A

In the UK, poultry chickens are vaccinated against salmonella to control the spread of bacteria. People should take care preparing chicken.

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10
Q

What is gonorrhea

A

A sexually transmitted disease caused by bacteria. it is spread by sexual contact with an infected person

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11
Q

What are the symptoms of gonorrhea?

A

Thick yellow or green discharge from the premise or the vagina
Pain when urinating

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12
Q

What can we use to treat gonorrhea

A

The antibiotic penicillin worked well to treat gonorrhea until resistant strains of bacteria evolved
Now scientists are researching to find new treatments

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13
Q

How can we prevent gonorrhea from spreading

A

Antibiotics will kill the bacteria but the infected person should use a barrier method of contraception eg condoms

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14
Q

What do pathogenic viruses do

A

The reproduce rapidly inside cells causing cell damage when they are released

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15
Q

What is the measles?

A

A viral disease that is serious and can cause death. If the infected person suffers from complications. It is spread by inhaling droplets from sneezes and coughs.

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16
Q

What are the symptoms of measles?

A

Red skin rash and fever

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17
Q

How can we prevent measles from spreading?

A

Most young children are vaccinated against measles

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18
Q

What is HIV?

A

Viral disease that attacks the bodies immune cells, white blood cells.
It is spread by sexual contact or exchange of body fluids as blood eg when drug users share needles

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19
Q

What are the first symptoms of HIV?

A

Flulike illness is the first symptom. If successfully controlled, the virus doesn’t attack the bodies immune cells.

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20
Q

What is late stage of HIV?

A

In late stage HIV, the immune system become seriously damage, an infected person get ill from any other infections, e.g. cold or flu and sometimes cancers.

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21
Q

How can we treat HIV?

A

Medicines called antiretroviral drugs can successfully control the virus and prevent the damage to the immune system this can stop HIV from becoming aids

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22
Q

What is tobacco mosaic virus?

A

This is a virus that infects and damages many plant species including tomato

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23
Q

What are the symptoms of TMV?

A

Mosaic colour pattern appears on the leaves. The pattern ranges from pale green, to yellow or brown
It affects plant growth as less photosynthesis occurs so less glucose is made - cells has less energy

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24
Q

What is rose black spot?

A

A fungal disease of rose plants is a spread in the environment by wind or water, raindrops splashing.

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25
Q

What are the symptoms of rose black spot?

A

Purple or black spots appear on the leaves.
The leaves often turn yellow and fall of the plant.
It affects plant growth as there are fewer leaves to photosynthesise.

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26
Q

How can we treat rose black spot?

A

Fungicide sprays can be used, and removing and destroying the affected leaves. Also helps prevent the spread of fungus to other leaves and other plants.

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27
Q

What is malaria?

A

A disease caused by a protist. The protist is spread by biting mosquitoes as the protist is a parasite that lives in the mosquito for part of its life cycle.

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28
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria?

A

A fever and flu like symptoms that recur every few days
The most common malaria infections cause fever, every three or every four days and can be fatal

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29
Q

What is a vector species?

A

A vector is a species that carries a micro organism from one infectious individual to another. In malaria, the mosquito is the vector.

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30
Q

How can we prevent the spread of malaria?

A

Preventing the vector from spreading the protist, using mosquito nets to avoid being bitten
preventing the mosquitoes from breeding keeps vector numbers low

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31
Q

What are non-specific defence systems?

A

Defences the body has against all types of pathogens include skin nose, trachea, bronchi, and stomach.

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32
Q

How does the skin prevent pathogens from entering?

A

Skin is a waterproof layer that prevents most pathogens from entering the body. If the skin is damaged, the wound is sealed quickly by a scab forming.

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33
Q

How does the nose prevent pathogens from entering?

A

The nose has mucus to trap airborne pathogenic micro organisms and stop them from getting further into the body.

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34
Q

How does the trachea/bronchi prevent pathogens from entering?

A

They have sticky mucus that traps airborne pathogens and also the cells lining the airways have cilia that waft the mucus off to the throat to be swallowed.

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35
Q

How does the stomach prevent pathogens entering?

A

The stomach contains hydrochloric acid which is PH 2 - this destroys most pathogens that enter ingested in food.

36
Q

What is a specific defence system?

A

The immune system tries to destroy any pathogens that enter the body. Various types of white blood cells are involved.

37
Q

What exactly do white blood cells do?

A

They carry out phagocytosis, as well as producing antibodies and antitoxins

38
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

When a white blood cell engulfs a bacteria, and then destroys it by digesting it using enzymes.

39
Q

What are antitoxins?

A

Chemical is produced by white blood cells that neutralise the toxin is produced by the bacteria. The toxins are one of the reasons why we feel ill.

40
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Y shaped proteins that binds on to a particular a pathogen, so it can be destroyed

41
Q

How can we become immune to an infectious disease?

A

The first time a white blood cell meets a pathogen it takes time to make the antibodies to destroy it. The next time the pathogen enters the body, antibodies can be made fast, so we don’t get ill.

42
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

A small quantity of dead or inactive form of a pathogen that can be put into an individual, so they can develop immunity to the pathogen.

43
Q

How do vaccinations work?

A

When a white blood cell meet the dead, inactive pathogen, it reacts as if it is harmful and produces antibodies
These antibodies can be then made quickly in the future

44
Q

What was the first vaccine?

A

Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine when he noticed that milkmaids, who had the mild infection of cowpox, never got the dangerous smallpox infection.

45
Q

How successful are the vaccines?

A

Very successful as long as enough people are vaccinated. Smallpox has become completely eradicated due to vaccination. The last death from smallpox was 1978.

46
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

Drugs developed to destroy infectious bacteria inside the body. The first antibiotic discovered was penicillin in the 1940s.

47
Q

Do antibiotics work on all pathogens?

A

Antibiotics only kill bacteria. They can’t kill viral pathogens because the virus is inside body cells were the antibiotics can’t reach.

48
Q

Is there more than one type of antibiotic?

A

There are many types.It is important that specific types of bacteria are treated with specific antibiotics

49
Q

Do all antibiotics work well?

A

No lots of antibiotics have become less useful as bacteria have evolved resistant strains. The antibiotics don’t work on resistant bacteria

50
Q

What sort of drugs can destroy viral pathogens?

A

Anti-viral drugs, destroy viral pathogens

it is difficult to kill a virus without damaging body tissues, and this makes a very expensive to develop.

51
Q

What do painkillers to?

A

Painkillers just stop an individual from feeling pain. They don’t destroy any pathogens they just make us feel a bit better by removing some of the symptoms.

52
Q

What about other medicines?

A

Ibuprofen reduces inflammation and cough mixture is just soothe often by reducing friction in our throat sore chest. They remove symptoms but don’t destroy pathogens.

53
Q

Where do drugs come from?

A

Traditionally drugs came from plant extracts or micro organisms . Even today 50% plus of all drugs originally came from plants and many still do.

54
Q

How are new drugs developed

A

Scientist in the new pharmaceutical industry, synthesise and test new drugs

55
Q

What is digitalis?

A

A heart drug originally from the foxglove plants. Helps controls irregular heartbeats

56
Q

What is aspirin?

A

A painkiller originally from the willow tree

57
Q

What is penicillin?

A

The first antibiotic discovered by Alexander Fleming from the penicillium mould

58
Q

Why do you do drugs need to be trialed before public use?

A

To check they are safe and effective they are test of the toxicity (is it poisonous) efficacy (does it really work) and dose (whats the lowest dose that works)

59
Q

What is preclinical testing?

A

Testing in a lab on cells, tissues and live animals. Only drugs that pass preclinical trials can be used in clinical trials.

60
Q

What are clinical trials?

A

Testing on people, both healthy, volunteers and patients who might benefit from the drug. The first clinical trials give tiny doses to make sure it is safe.

61
Q

What is a double blind trial

A

The people in the trial or split into two groups. One group will be given a placebo the patients in the trial don’t know which they are given a nor do the doctors.

62
Q

What is a monoclonal antibody?

A

Antibodies produced from a single clone of cells

63
Q

Why are monoclonal antibodies special?

A

They are specific to one binding site on one protein antigen. This make some useful for targeting a specific chemical or specific type of cell in the body.

64
Q

Where do monoclonal antibodies come from?

A

Scientists make them by stimulating moose lymphocytes (lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that make antibodies)

65
Q

How are lymphocytes stimulated to make monoclonal antibodies?

A

Lymphocytes are combined with a type of tumour cell to make a hybridoma cell

66
Q

What do hybridoma cells do?

A

Hybridoma cells can divide by mitosis and can make a particular antibody

67
Q

How do scientists get enough antibodies to use in treatments?

A

A single hybridoma cell is cloned to make lots of identical cells. They all make the same antibody so lots of antibodies can be collected.

68
Q

What do scientists do to the antibodies before used?

A

The antibodies need to be purified to remove any toxins, viruses or fragments of DNA that might of come from a hybridoma cells

69
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies used to diagnose?

A

The most common use is to diagnose pregnancy. They are used in testing kits and can cause a colour change of pregnancy hormones are present.

70
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies used for in labs?

A

Measuring tiny levels of hormones or other blood chemicals, or detecting pathogens more easily done using monoclonal antibodies

71
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies used for in research?

A

Scientists have found ways of attaching fluorescent dye to the monoclonal antibodies, so when they bind to particular molecules in cells, the cell will fluoresce/glow

72
Q

Why might fluorescent binding be useful in the future?

A

Operations to remove malignant cells is difficult as some of the cells might not be removed. If this cells were fluorescent then the surgeon could see all the tumour and remove it.

73
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies used to treat?

A

Monoclonal antibodies can be joined to a radioactive substance, a toxic drug or a chemical that stop cells from dividing. The antibody can target specific cells and deliver the substance.

74
Q

Why is it useful to deliver a drug using monoclonal antibodies?

A

The drug treatment can be targeted and only specific cells will get the drug. If a cell does not have the antibodies binding site, it will not be affected or damaged.

75
Q

Why aren’t monoclonal antibodies used more often?

A

Monoclonal antibodies create more side-effects than expected, so aren’t used as widely as scientist first hoped

76
Q

What sort of diseases can plants get?

A

Plants get viral, bacterial and fungal infections, as well as being damaged by insects

77
Q

How can we tell if plants are disease?

A

Look for stunted growth, spots on leaves, area of decay, growths, malformedstems or leaves discoloured areas or the presence of pests.

78
Q

How can a disease in a plant be identified?

A

Looking up the disease in a gardening book or website or taking the infected plan to a lab where they can identify the pathogen

79
Q

Can monoclonal antibodies be used to identify plant diseases?

A

Yes, testing kits are available using monoclonal antibodies for some plant diseases

80
Q

What insects can damage plants?

A

Aphids (greenfly whitefly blackfly) feed on the sugars in the plant phloem and can reduce the plants growth. They can also spread diseases as they feed.

81
Q

What else can damage plants?

A

Deficiency diseases of plants exist. If the plant does not get enough mineral irons, the growth can be affected.

82
Q

What happens when a plant has nitrate iron deficiency?

A

A lack of nitrate will cause stunted growth of the plant as the plant can no longer produce enough amnio acids to build proteins during protein synthesis

83
Q

What happens to a plant when a plant has magnesium ion deficiency?

A

Lack of magnesium will cause chlorosis. Magnesium is needed to produce chlorophyll. So chlorosis is patches of yellow and leaves where chlorophyll is lacking.

84
Q

How can plants physically defend themselves from disease?

A

Plants have tough cellulose cell walls, tough waxy cuticle on the leaves and thick layers of dead cells around the stems (bark) which can fall off. This prevent micro organisms from invading.

85
Q

How can plants chemically defend themselves from disease?

A

Plants contain anti-bacterial chemicals which can kill invading bacteria and poisons to deter herbivores from grazing on them. E.g. cyanide

86
Q

What are the mechanical adaptations to prevent the disease?

A

Thorns hairs on plants to deter grazes. Some plant leaves, droop or curl when touched, some plants mimic insects to prevent being grazed.

GCSE Biology (6 decks)

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