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GCSE Triple Biology > Infection and response > Flashcards

Infection and response Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Microorganisms that cause infectious disease.

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2
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

Illnesses that can be spread from person to person

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3
Q

List two ways that pathogens can be spread

A

• Through the air / Airborne
• Contaminated food and water
• Direct Contact

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4
Q

List two ways we can prevent pathogens from spreading:

A

• Hygiene - Washing hands, Cleaning cooking items
• Kill the vector
• Vaccinations / Immunisation
• Isolation / quarantine
• Condoms / Safe sex

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5
Q

What is a vector?

A

An organism that carries a pathogen

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6
Q

True or false : Communicable diseases can affect animals and plants

A

True

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7
Q

Why do bacteria make us feel ill?

A

Once inside the human body, bacteria reproduce very rapidly. They produce toxins that damage tissues and make us feel ill

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8
Q

How do viruses reproduce?

A

Viruses cannot reproduce by themselves they can only reproduce inside a host cell.

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9
Q

What harmful chemicals do bacteria produce?

A

Toxins

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10
Q

What do toxins do to the body?

A

They damage tissues and make you feel ill.

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11
Q

Measles and HIV are two examples of ___ diseases

A

Viral

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12
Q

Can viruses be killed by antibiotics?

A

No

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13
Q

List two symptoms of measles

A

• Red rash
• Fever

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14
Q

How is measles spread?

A

Measles is spread in droplets through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

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15
Q

State the first symptom of HIV

A

A flu-like illness

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16
Q

How does HIV affect a person’s immune system?

A

The virus attacks the cells of the immune system and over time, the immune system becomes severely damaged. Eventually, the immune system becomes too badly damaged and cannot fight off other infections that others could easily deal with.

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17
Q

What is the difference between HIV and AIDS?

A

HIV is the virus that attacks a patient’s immune system until it cannot fight off other infections. When the immune system is at this highly damaged stage, the patient is now described as having AIDS.

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18
Q

Give two ways that HIV is spread:

A

• Unprotected sex
• Sharing infected needles

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19
Q

Salmonella and Gonorrhoea are two examples of ________ diseases

A

Bacterial

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20
Q

True or False: Bacteria can be killed by antibiotics

A

True

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21
Q

What is the main cause of salmonella ?

A

Ingesting infected food.

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22
Q

List two symptoms of salmonella:

A

• Fever
• Abdominal cramps
• Vomiting
• Diarrhoea

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23
Q

Gonorrhoea is an example of a ___

A

Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD)

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24
Q

List two symptoms of Gonorrhoea

A

• Thick yellow / green discharge from the penis or vagina
• Pain when urinating

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25
Q

Which antibiotics previously treated gonorrhoea easily?

A

Penicillin

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26
Q

How can we prevent the spread of gonorrhoea?

A

• Using condoms to stop the bacteria passing from person to person.
• Make sure that people who have unprotected sex get tested for gonorrhoea.

27
Q

What type of pathogen causes malaria?

A

Protist

28
Q

What is transmission?

A

The spreading of pathogenic disease

29
Q

List two symptoms of malaria:

A

• Fever
• Chills
• Vomiting
• Sweats
• Headaches
• Diarrhoea

30
Q

True or False: There is a vaccination for malaria

A

False - There is no vaccine

31
Q

How can people prevent themselves from being infected with malaria?

A

• They can sleep under mosquito nets to stop themselves from being bitten
• They can wear insect repellent to stop themselves form being bitten
• Antimalarial drugs can also be taken to treat the symptoms and prevent infection
• Prevent mosquitoes from breeding

32
Q

Protists and Fungi are eukaryotic. What does this mean?

A

They have a nucleus

33
Q

What are the symptoms of Rose Black Spot?

A

Purple or Black spots develop on the leaves, which often turn yellow and drop early.

34
Q

How does Rose Black Spot affect the growth of a plant?

A

There is less surface area on the leaf left for photosynthesis

35
Q

How is Rose Black spot spread?

A

In the environment by water or wind

36
Q

How can RBS be treated?

A

By using fungicides and/or removing and destroying affected leaves

37
Q

Viruses live and reproduce inside cells, causing ___ damage

A

Cell

38
Q

How does the mosaic-patterned discolouration of TMV affect the growth of a plant?

A

The discoloured patches do not have the same levels of photosynthesis, meaning there is a lack of photosynthesis

39
Q

Name three human defence systems:

A

• skin
• nose
• trachea and bronchi
• stomach

40
Q

How does the skin protect against infection?

A

It acts as physical barrier against pathogens. If it is cut or grazed, it immediately begins to heal itself by forming a scab, which prevents infection.

41
Q

How does the nose protect against infection?

A

It has internal hairs which act as a physical barrier. Cells in the nose produce mucus which traps pathogens before they can enter the lungs

42
Q

How does stomach acid protect against infection?

A

Stomach acid is a chemical barrier against infection. It doesn’t do us any harm, but is strong enough to kill any pathogens that may have been consumed in food or water

43
Q

How do white blood cells help to defend against pathogens?

A

• Phagocytosis
• Producing antibodies
• Producing antitoxins

44
Q

How does vaccination work?

A

Vaccines contain small quantities of dead or inactive forms of a pathogen which stimulate the white blood cells produce to antibodies. If the same pathogen re-enter the body, the white blood cells respond and produce the correct antibodies, preventing infection.

45
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

Medicines that help to cure bacterial disease by killing infective bacteria inside the body. Specific bacteria should be treated by specific antibiotics.

46
Q

Can antibiotics kill viral pathogens?

A

No

47
Q

What are painkillers used for?

A

To treat the symptoms of a disease. They do not kill pathogens

48
Q

What are new drugs tested for?

A

Toxicity, Efficacy and Dose

49
Q

What are the test subjects for pre-clinical trials?

A

Cells, Tissues and Live Animals

50
Q

What is a double blind trial?

A

A clinical trial where neither the doctors or the patients knows who has the actual drug and who has the placebo.

51
Q

Describe a clinical trial

A

• At the beginning of the trial, very low doses are given to the patients. If the drug is found to be safe, then further clinical trials are carried out to find the optimum doses for the drug.

52
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies produced from?

A

A single clone of hybridoma cells

53
Q

What type of WBC produces antibodies?

A

B-Lymphocytes

54
Q

Describe how monoclonal antibodies are made in a lab.

A

If we inject a mouse with an antigen, then lymphocytes will produce antibodies against it. We can then collect these lymphocytes from the mouse. The next step is to fuse these lymphocytes with tumor cells because lymphocytes cannot divide and tumor cells can. This new cell is called a hybridoma and it can produce antibodies and divide. Next, we select a single hybridoma cell and allow it to divide and form a clone. The antibodies produced from this clone are all identical. We call these monoclonal antibodies because they come from a single hybridoma clone.

55
Q

Why can we target a specific chemical/cell using monoclonal antibodies?

A

Because they are specific to one binding site on one protein antigen.

56
Q

Give two uses of monoclonal antibodies

A

• Diagnosis - e.g. pregnancy tests
• In labs to measure the levels of hormones and other chemicals in blood, or to detect pathogens
• In research to locate or identify specific molecules in a cell or tissue by binding to them with a fluorescent dye
• to treat some diseases: for cancer the monoclonal antibody can be bound to a radioactive substance, a toxic drug or a chemical which stops cells growing and dividing. It delivers the substance to the cancer cells without harming other cells in the body.

57
Q

Give 3 symptoms of plant diseases

A

• stunted growth
• spots on leaves
• areas of decay (rot)
• growths
• malformed stems or leaves
• discolouration
• the presence of pests.

58
Q

Why does a nitrate deficiency cause stunted growth?

A

Nitrate ions are needed for protein synthesis, and proteins are needed for healthy growth.

59
Q

Magnesium ions are needed to make ___

A

chlorophyll

60
Q

What are the physical plant defence responses?

A

• Cellulose cell walls.
• Tough waxy cuticle on leaves.
• Layers of dead cells around stems which fall off.

61
Q

What are the chemical plant defence responses?

A

• Antibacterial chemicals.
• Poisons to deter herbivores.

62
Q

What are the mechanical plant defence responses?

A

• Thorns and hairs deter animals.
• Leaves which droop or curl when touched.
• Mimicry to trick animals.

63
Q

How is malaria controlled?

A

By prevent mosquitoes from breeding and by using mosquito nets and insecticide to keep from being bitten

GCSE Triple Biology (3 decks)

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