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Biology > Infection and Response > Flashcards

Infection and Response Flashcards

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1
Q

Communicable diseases

A

Infectious diseases which can be easily spread

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2
Q

What are the four types of pathogen

A
  • Bacteria
  • Viruses
  • Fungi
  • Protists
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3
Q

Bacteria

A

Prokaryotes that reproduce rapidly inside the body and cause illness by producing toxins that damage cells and tissues

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4
Q

Viruses

A

They are 100x smaller than bacteria. They rapidly divide inside body cells which causes it to burst and release copies of the virus into your body.

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5
Q

Protists

A

Single-celled eukaryotes. Parasites that live in or around organisms - often transmitted by vectors which transmit and carry diseases but are not effected by it(like rats in the plague)

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6
Q

Fungi

A

It can be single-celled or made up of hyphae. They can grow and penetrate bodies or plants. They then produce spores which spread the disease further.

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7
Q

How are pathogens spread

A
  • Water: bathing or drinking infected water e.g. cholera
  • Air: breathed in or carried on water droplets that produce colds
  • Direct contact: Touching an infected surface e.g. athletes foot
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8
Q

Ways to prevent disease

A
  • Hygiene
  • Destroying vectors
  • Isolating
  • Vaccination
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9
Q

Measles

A

Pathogen: Virus
Symptoms: red skin rash, signs of fever, pneumonia or brain infection
Spread: droplets
Prevention: Vaccine
Treatment: rest

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10
Q

HIV

A

Pathogen: Virus
Symptoms: flu-like, attacks immune system leaving person vulnerable to other diseases
Spread: sexual contact, exchanging bodily fluids
Prevention: protection during sexual contact and screen all bodily fluids

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11
Q

Tobacco Mosaic Virus

A

Pathogen: Virus
Symptoms: parts of leaves become discoloured(photosynthesis not occurring)
Spread: Physical contact
Prevention: isolate infected plants

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12
Q

Rose Black Spot

A

Pathogen: Fungus
Symptoms: Black/purple spots, leaves turn yellow and drop off
Spread: Water and wind
Prevention: destroy infected specimens
Treatment: fungicides/stripping infected leaves

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13
Q

Malaria

A

Pathogen: Protist
Symptoms: repeating fever
Spread: vector
Prevention: insecticides and mosquito nets
Treatment: antimalarial medication

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14
Q

Salmonella

A

Pathogen: Bacteria
Symptoms: Fever, stomach cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea
Spread: eating contaminated food
Prevention: ensure all food is cooked properly

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15
Q

Gonorrhoea

A

Pathogen: Bacteria
Symptoms: Pain during urination, yellow or green discharge
Spread: sexual contact
Prevention: barrier or contraception
Treatment: Penicillin

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16
Q

Defence System

A
  • Skin: antimicrobials + barrier
  • Hair and mucus in the nose trap pathogens
  • Trachea and bronchi: mucus + cilia to waft mucus to the back of the throat
  • Stomach: HCL to kill bacteria
17
Q

Immune System

A
  • Phagocytosis: White blood cells engulf invading pathogens
  • Antibodies: White blood cells produce antibodies to lock onto antigens so they can be nullified
  • Antitoxins: Counteract toxins
18
Q

Vaccination

A
  • Injection of a dead or inactive version of a pathogen. White blood cells identify it and produce antibodies. The antibodies are then made faster as the immune system will recognise the disease.
19
Q

Drug Testing

A
  1. Preclinical testing on human tissues or cells: done to ensure no major side effects + cannot test on whole body systems such as circulatory etc.
  2. Preclinical testing on animals: Toxicity, efficacy and dosage. New drugs must be tested on two live mammals before it is clinically tested.
  3. Clinical testing: Tested on healthy human volunteers. Dosage and side effects. Next, it is tested on patients in double-blind trials so neither doctor nor the patient know who has the placebo.
20
Q

Monoclonal Antibodies

A

Fusion of B-Lymphocytes with tumor cells to create hybridomas.

21
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies created

A
  • Mouse injected with chosen antigen so the B-Lymphocyte will produce the desired antibodies
  • B - Lymphocyte is fused with a fast dividing tumor cell to produce a hybridoma which can then divide and produce clones with the desired antibodies.
22
Q

Uses of monoclonal antibodies

A
  • Cancer cells have antigens not found on normal cells called tumour markers
  • They can bind to monoclonal antibodies and can be administered through a drip which only targets tumour cells, unlike chemo.
23
Q

Symptoms of plant disease

A
  • Stunted growth
  • Spots on leaves
  • Patches of decay
  • Abnormal growths
  • Malformed leaves
  • Discolouration
24
Q

Physical defences(plants)

A
  • Waxy cuticle
  • Cell wall made of cellulose
  • Layers of dead cells
25
Q

Chemical defences(plants)

A
  • Antibacterial chemicals
  • Poisons

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