Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GCSE Biology > Infection and Response > Flashcards

Infection and Response Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
GCSE Religious Studies - Edexcel Route A flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Eduqas Route A flashcards AP® Biology flashcards GCSE Geography - AQA flashcards Biology 101 flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Edexcel Route B flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Eduqas Route B flashcards
1
Q

what are pathogens?

A

microrganisms that eneter the body and cause disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what do pathogens cause?

A

communicable diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is bacteria?

A

very small cells which can reproduce rapidly inside your body, and can make you feel ill by producing toxins that damage your cells and tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are viruses? how do they work?

A

Pathogens smaller than cells that can reproduce rapidly inside your body.
They live within cells and replicate themselves using the cells machinery to produce many copies of themselves and eventually releasing all the new viruses
This cell damage makes you feel il.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are protists?

A

single-celled eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are parasites?

A

protists that live on or inside other organisms and can cause them damage often transferred to the organism by a vector - which dosne’t get the disease itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Fungi are pathogens that come in different shapes. Some are single-celled. Others have surfaces made up from hyphae. What is hyphae?

A

Hyphae are thread like structures that can grow and penentrate human skin and the surface of plants causing diseases. Hyphae can produce spores that can then be spread to th eother plants and animals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what 3 ways can pathogens be spread?

A

water, air, direct contact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

give an example of a disease spread through water, and how it is spread.

A

Cholera - a bacterial infection spread by drinking water that is contaminated with he diarrhoea of the other sufferers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how are pathogens spread in the air?

A

through droplets produced when you cough or sneeze

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

give an exmple of a disease that is spread through the air?

A

the influenza virus - flu is spread through droplets in the air produced by coughs and sneezes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

give an example of a disease spread through direct contact

A

athletes foot - a fungus which makes skin itch and flake off, most commonly spread by touching the same things as an infeceted person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q 
Measles
type:
spread through:
symptoms:
complications
treatment/prevention:
A 
Measles
type: viral 
spread through: droplets from infected persons cough or sneeze
symptoms: red skin rash, fever
complications: pneumonia, encephalitis
treatment: -
prevention: ppl vaccianted when young
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q 
HIV
type: 
spread through:
symptoms:
complications
treatment/prevention:
A

HIV
type: viral
spread through: sexual contact, exchange of bodily fluids
symptoms: flu-like symptoms
complications: can’t cope with other infections or cancers, AIDS (late stage HIV)
treatment: antiretroviral drugs control cell replication, not a cure though
prevention: avoid sharing needles, protected sex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

TMV - tobacco mosaic virus
type:
symptoms:
complications:

A

TMV - tobacco mosaic virus

type: viral
symptoms: mosaic pattern forms on leaves, discolouration
complications: cannot carry out photsynthesis as well, affects growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q 
rose black spot 
type:
spread through:
symptoms:
complications
treatment:
A

rose black spot
type: fungal
spread through: environemnt in water, wind
symptoms:purple/black spots appear on leaves of rose plants, leaves turn yellow, drop off
complications: less photosynthesis happens, plant dosen’t grow as well
treatment: fungicides, strip plant of affected leaves and destroy them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q 
Malaria
type:
spread through:
symptoms:
complications
treatment/prevention:
A 
Malaria
type: protist 
spread through: mosquitoes (vectors) pick up when they feed on an infected animal, and then pass it on to humans
symptoms: repeating episodes of fever
complications
treatment: prescription drugs
prevention: insecticides, mosquito nets
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q 
Salmonella
type:
spread through:
symptoms:
complications
treatment/prevention:
A

Malaria
type: bacterial infection
spread through: eating food contaminated with salmonella bacteria
symptoms: fever, stomach cramps, vomitting, diarrhoea
complications
treatment:
prevention: In the UK most poultry is given a vaccination against salmonella to control the spread of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q 
Gonorrhoea
type:
spread through:
symptoms:
complications
treatment/prevention:
A

Salmonella
type: bacterial STD
spread through: sexual contact
symptoms: pain during urination, thick yellow/green dicharge
complications
treatment: originally treated with penecillin, but now its harder because some strains have become resistant
prevention: barrier methods odf contraception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how may food be contiminated with salmonella?

A
  • chicken may have caught the disease when alive

- food may have been prepared in unhygenic conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

give 4 ways the spead of disease can be reduced or prevented?

A

1) being hygenic
2) destroying vectors
3) isolating infected individualsa
4) vaccination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how can you destroy vectors of disease?

A

using insecticides, or destroying their habitat so they can no longer breed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

describe the elements if the bodys defence system

A
  • skin acts as a barrier to pathogenns
  • skin contains antimicrobiral substances which kill pathogens
  • hairs and muscus in nose trap particles that could contain pathogens
  • trachea and bronchi secrete mucus to trap pathogens
  • trachea and bronchi lined with cilia which waft the muscus up to throat where it can be swallowed
  • stomach contains hydrochloric acid which kills any pathogens that make it that far
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are white blood cells 3 lines of attack against pathogens?

A

1) consuming them
2) producing antibodies
3) producing antioxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the term for when white blood cells engulf pathogens?

A

phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

every invading pathogen has unique molecules on its surface called…

A

antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

describe how the body produces atibodies to attack antigens

A

When a white blood cell comes across a foreign antigen they will start to produce proteins called antibodies which lock onto invading cells so they can be found by other white blood cells and destroyed by other white blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

True or false:

Antibodies are specific to a type of antigen

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

white blood cells produce antibodies also known as?

A

B- lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

why do white blood cells produce antitoxins?

A

to counteract toxins produced by any invading bacteria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How do vaccinations work?

A

Vaccination sinvolves injecting small amounts of dead or inactive pathogens, which carry antigens - which causes your body to produce antibodies to attack them.
If the live patgogens appear after that the white blood cells can rapidly mass produced antibodies to kill of the pathogen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is the MMR vaccine for?

A

measles, mumps and rubells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what are the pros of vaccination?

A
  • helped control communicable diseases once common in the UK
  • epidemics can be prevented if a large percentahe of the population is vaccinated because the population builds up herd immunity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

explain the concept of herd immunity

A

A large percent of the population is vaccinated, so even the people who are unvaccinated are unlikley to catch the disease because there are fewer people to pass it on.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what are the cons of vaccination?

A
  • they don’t always give you immunity

- you may have a bad reaction (rare)

36
Q

what may a bad reaction to a vaccination be?

A

swelling, fever, seizures

37
Q

what are painkillers?

A

drugs that relieve pain, they don’t tackle the cause of the disease or kill the pathogens they just reduce the symptoms

38
Q

give an example of a painkiller

A

aspirin

39
Q

what are antibiotics?

A

drugs that kill or prevent the growth of the bateria casing the problem without damaging healthy body cells

40
Q

why is it important you are perscribed with the right antibiotic?

A

becuase different antibiotics kill different types of bacteria

41
Q

what do antibiotics NOT kill? why?

A

Antibiotics do not kill viruses because they reproduce using your body cells, which makes it very difficult to develop drugs that destroy just the virus without killing the body’s cells.

42
Q

what is antibiotic resistance?

A

wehn vateria mutate in a way that makes them reisitant to anitbiotics

43
Q

describe how antibiotic resistance may happen in your body

A

If you have an infection some of the bacteria might be resistant to antibiotics , so when you treat the infection only the non-resistant strains of bacteria will be killed. The indivdual resistant strain of bacteria will survive and reproduce and the population of the resistant strain will increase. This reistant strain could cause serious illness.

44
Q

what is antibiotic reistance an example of?

A

natural selection - because the strain of bacteria that is reistant to the antibiotic is the one which can survive and reproduce

45
Q

MRSA can cause serious wound infections because it is resistant to what antibiotic?

A

metacillin

46
Q

how can we slow down antibiotic reistance?

A
  • finishing the whole course of antibiotics

- avoid over prescribing them

47
Q

what was aspirin developed from?

A

a chemical in willow

48
Q

what is digitalis used to treat?

A

heart conditions

49
Q

Digitalis was developed from a chemical found where?

A

in foxgloves

50
Q

what was the name of the bacteria in Alexander Flemmings petri dishes?

A

penecillum notanum

51
Q

WHat happens in the first step of preclinical testing?

A

drugs are tested on human cells and tissues in the lab

52
Q

what kind of drugs can you not use human cells and tissues to test on?

A

drugs that affect the whole, or multiple body systems ( eg testing a drug for blood preassure must be done on a whole animal because it still has an intact circulatory system)

53
Q

in the second part of pre-clinical testinf the drug is tested on live animals. What are the 3 things that are being tested?

A

1) eficacy - whether the drug works and produces desired effect
2) toxicity - how harmful it is
3) dosage - concentration that should be given

54
Q

how many types of live mammals must a drug be tested on in the pre-clinical stage?

A

2

55
Q

give the for and against of animal tetsing

A

for: some believe it is the safest way to make sure a drug isn’t dangerous before it is given to humans
against: some people think it is cruel, others think animals are so different from humans testing on them is pointless

56
Q

what is the first stage of clinical drug testing?

A

testing on healthy volunteers to make sure it dosen’t have any harmful side effects when the body is working normally, at the start of the trial the drug is normally given in a low doage, which then increases as the trial proceeds

57
Q

if the results of the first stage of the clinical trail are good then drugs can be tested on those suffering with the illness. During this part of the trial the optimum dosage is found. What is the optimum dosage?

A

the dosage of the drug that has most positive effect and the fewest side effects

58
Q

what is a placebo?

A

a substance thtaa is like the drug being tested but dosen’t do anything, allowing for the placebo effect ( when the patient expects the treatment to work and feels better even though the treatment isn’t doing anything)

59
Q

what are double-blind trails?

A

when neither the patient nor the doctor knows ,until all the results have been gathered, who had the placebo and who had the real drug. this is so the doctors monitoring the patients and anylasing the results aren’t subconsciously influenced by their knowledge

60
Q

what do results of drug testing have to go through before being published?

A

peer review - to prevent false claims

61
Q

what kind of white blood cells produce antibodies?

A

b-lymphocytes

62
Q

when producing monoclonal antibodies tumour cells and mouse b-lymphocyte cells are fused together what do they create?

A

a hybridoma cell

63
Q

why are both tumour cells and mouse b lymphocyte cells used when producing monoclonal antibodies?

A

b lymphocyte cells can produce antibodies for the protein antigen, however they do not divide very easily… tumour cells don’t produce antibodies but divide lots so they can be grown really easily

64
Q

what is the next stage in creating monoclonal antibodies after creating the hybridoma cell?

A

the hybridoma can be cloned to get lots of identical cells, which produce the same antibodies ( monoclonal antibodies) which are then collected and purified

65
Q

why are monoclonal antibodies so useful?

A

they bind to only the antigens of one type of cell, meaning you can use them to target a specific cell or chemical in the body

66
Q

what hormone only appears in the urine if pregnant women and is detected by pregnancy tests?

A

HCG

67
Q

describe a pregnancy testing stick

A 
part you wee on : has some antibodies with blue beads attached
test strip ( part that turns blue if pregnant) has some more antibodies to the hormone stuck into it
68
Q

what happens if a person is pregnant and they wee of a pregnancy test?

A
  • hormone binds to antibodies on the blue beads
  • urine moves up the stick carrying the hormone and the beads
  • beads and hormones bind to antibodies on the strip
  • so the blue beads get stuck on the strip turning it blue
69
Q

what happens if a non pregnant person wees on a pregnancy test?

A

the urine still moves up the stick, carrying the blue beads but there is nothing to bind the beads to the strip so it doesn’t turn blue

70
Q

what are tumour markers?

A

antigens found on cancer cells and their membranes that are not found on normal body cells

71
Q

how can monoclonal antibodies be used to treat cancer? e

A
  • in a lab monoclonal antibodies can be created that will bind to tumour markers
  • anti-cancer drug can be attached to these monoclonal antibodies
  • antibodies given to patient through a drip
  • antibodies target specifically the cancer cells, and kills them, without killing healthy body cells
72
Q

what kinds of anti-cancer drugs may be attached to monoclonal antibodies in cancer treatment?

A

radioactive substance, or a toxic drug that stops cancer cells growing and dividing

73
Q

what are some uses of monoclonal antibodies?

A

1) binds to hormones and chemicals in blood to measure their levels
2) test blood samples in labs for certain pathogens
3) locate specific molecules in a cell or in a tissue

74
Q

how are monoclonal antibodies used to locate specific molecules on a cell or in a tissue?

A

1) monoclonal antibodies are made that will bind to specific molecule you are loooking for
2) antibodies then attached to a fluorescent dye
3) if molecule is present in the sample being analysed the monoclonal antibodies will attatch to them and the molecules can then be devoted because of the dye

75
Q

why are monoclonal antibodies not used as widely as scientists thought they would once be?

A

they have more side effects that originally expected ( fever, low blood pressure, vomiting)

76
Q

what happens if plants do not get enough mineral ions?

A

they will suffer deficiency symptoms

77
Q

what are nitrates needed for? what could a lack of nitrates lead to?

A
  • to make proteins, and therefore for growth

- stunted growth

78
Q

plant disease

what is magnesium needed for? what could a lack of magnet lead to?

A
  • making chlorophyll, needed for photosynthesis

- chlorosis and yellow leaves

79
Q

what kind of insect can cause huge damage to plants?

A

aphids

80
Q

what are some symptoms plants have disease? (x6)

A
  • stunted growth
  • spots on leaves
  • patches of decay
  • abnormal growths
  • malformed stems or leaves
  • discolouration
81
Q

how can you identify the different symptoms for plant diseases?

A
  • look it up in gardening manuel
  • taking plant to a lab for scientists to identify which pathogen is present
  • using testing kits (using monoclonal antibodies) to identify pathogens
82
Q

what are some physical defences plants have against disease?

A
  • waxy cuticle provides a barrier against pathogens entering
  • plant cells surrounded by cell walls containing cellulose
  • have layers of dead cells around their stems which acts as a barrier to stop pathogens getting in
83
Q

what are some chemical defences of plants?

A
  • some plants produce antibacterial chemicals ( mint plant and witch hazel)
  • others produce poisons which can deter herbivores (tobacco plants, foxgloves and deadly nightshade)
84
Q

what are some mechanical defences of plants?

A
  • some have thorns or hair to stop animals from touching or eating them
  • other plants have leaves that droop if curl if someone touches them, prevents themselves from being eaten by knocking away insects or moving away from things
  • some plants mimic other organisms to trick organisms into not eating them ( eg passion flower looks like it has butterfly eggs on it)
85
Q

what is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen

energy transferred through light

86
Q

what are the 5 ways plants use glucose?

A
  • for respiration
  • making cellulose
  • making amino acids
  • stored as oils or fats
  • stored as starch
87
Q

why is glucose converted into cellulose?

A

for making strong plant cell walls

GCSE Biology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions