Infection and Prevention Control PP Flashcards
infection
results when a pathogen invades tissues and beging growing within a host
Colonization
presence and growth of microorganism’s within a host without tissue invasion or damage
Chain of infection
- infectious agent
- Reservorir (food, O2, H20, temp, pH, light)
- Portal of exit
(skin and mucous membranes, respiratory tract, urinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, reproductive tract, blood) - modes of transmission
- portal of entry
- susceptible host
The infectious process
defenses against infection
-normal floras
-body system defenses
-inflammation
(vascular and cellular responses)
(inflammatory exudate)
(tissue repair)
The infectious process
health care associated infections (HAI)
occur as the result of
- invasive procedures
- antibiotic administration
- multidrug resistant organisms
- breaks in infection prevention and control activities
Nursing based knowledge base
Factors influencing infection prevention and control
- age
- nutritional status
- stress
- disease process
Signs and systoms of infection
KNOW for exam
- fever
- fatigue
- N/V
- Inflammation: tissue/lymph
- Purulent drainage/exudate
- confusion
- elevated WBCS
- Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate
- positive cultures
Nursing process assessment
through the patients eyes
- past experiences
- knowledge of infection
- risk factors
- clinical appearance
- status of defense mechanism
- medical therapy - travel history
- laboratory data
Nursing process; Nursing diagnosis
Nursing diagnoses for infection -risk for infection -impaired nutritional status: deficient food intake -impaired oral mucous membrane -social isolation -impaired tissue integrity
nursing process
planning
goals and outcomes
common goals of care often include
- preventing further exposure to infectious organisms
- controlling or reducing the extent of infection
- maintaining resistance to infection
- verbalizing understanding of infection prevention and control
setting priorities
-establish priorities for each diagnosis and for related goals of care
teamwork and collaboration
-collaborate with patients and interprofessional team.
Nursing process implementation (1 or 6)
-health promotion
nutrition
hygiene
immunization
adequate rest and regular
exercise
Acute care
eliminate the infectious
organism
support the patients
defenses
Medical asepsis
-control or elimination of infectious agents
cleaning
disinfection and
sterilization
-protection of the susceptible host
-control and elimination of reservoirs of infection
-control of portals of exit/entry
-cough etiquette
-control of transmission
hand hygiene
-isolation and isolation precautions
-standard precautions
-transmission-based
precautions
airborne, droplet, contact
and protective environment
-psychological implications of isolation
-the isolation environment
-personal protective equipment
-gown, masks, eye protection,
gloves
-specimen collection
-bagging trash or linen
-transporting patients
NURSING
PROCESS:
IMPLEMENTATION
(1 OF 6)
• HEALTH PROMOTION
• NUTRITION
• HYGIENE
• IMMUNIZATION
• ADEQUATE REST AND
REGULAR EXERCISE
• ACUTE CARE
• ELIMINATE THE INFECTIOUS
ORGANISM
• SUPPORT THE PATIENT'S
DEFENSES
NURSING
PROCESS:
IMPLEMENTATION
(2 OF 6)
• MEDICAL ASEPSIS
• CONTROL OR ELIMINATION
OF INFECTIOUS AGENTS
• CLEANING
• DISINFECTION AND
STERILIZATION
• PROTECTION OF THE SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
• CONTROL AND ELIMINATION OF
RESERVOIRS OF INFECTION
- CONTROL OF PORTALS OF EXIT/ENTRY
* COUGH ETIQUETTE - CONTROL OF TRANSMISSION
* HAND HYGIENE
NURSING
PROCESS:
IMPLEMENTATION
(3 OF 6)
• ISOLATION AND ISOLATION
PRECAUTIONS
• STANDARD PRECAUTIONS
• TRANSMISSION-BASED
PRECAUTIONS
• AIRBORNE, DROPLET,
CONTACT, AND
PROTECTIVE
ENVIRONMENT
- PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF ISOLATION
- THE ISOLATION ENVIRONMENT
• PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
•GOWNS, MASKS, EYE
PROTECTION, GLOVES
- SPECIMEN COLLECTION
- BAGGING TRASH OR LINEN
- TRANSPORTING PATIENTS
NURSING
PROCESS:
IMPLEMENTATION
(4 OF 6)
ROLE OF THE INFECTION CONTROL PROFESSIONAL
- collection and analysis of infection data
- evaluation of products and procedures
- development and review of policies and procedures
- consultation
- education
- implementation of changes
- application of epidemiological principles
- antimicrobial management
- participation in research project
- monitoring antibiotic resistant organisms in the institution
NURSING
PROCESS:
IMPLEMENTATION
(5 OF 6)
INFECTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL FOR HOSPITAL PERSONNEL
• WHO’S FIVE MOMENTS FOR
HAND HYGIENE
• PATIENT EDUCATION
• INFECTION PREVENTION
AND CONTROL IN THE
HOME SETTING
• EXPOSURE ISSUES
• ACCIDENTAL
NEEDLESTICKS
• BLOOD OR OTHER
POTENTIALLY INFECTIOUS
MATERIALS (OPIMS)
• AIRBORNE AND DROPLET
DISEASES
my five moments for hand hygiene
- before touching a patient
- before clean/aseptic procedure
- after body fluid exposure risk
- after touching a patient
- after touching patient surroundings
NURSING
PROCESS:
IMPLEMENTATION
(6 OF 6)
SURGICAL ASEPSIS
PATIENT PREPARATION FOR A STERILE PROCEDURE
• PERFORMING STERILE PROCEDURES
• DONNING AND REMOVING CAPS,
MASKS, AND EYEWEAR
- OPENING STERILE PACKAGES
- OPENING A STERILE ITEM ON A FLAT SURFACE
- OPENING A STERILE ITEM WHILE HOLDING IT
- PREPARING A STERILE FIELD
- POURING STERILE SOLUTIONS
- SURGICAL SCRUB
- APPLYING STERILE GLOVES
- DONNING A STERILE GOW
Nursing process evaluation
See through the patients eyes
-have the patients expectations been met?
Patient outcomes
-measure the success of the infection control techniques
- compare the patients actual response with the expected outcomes
- if goals are not achieved determine what steps must be taken.
Safety guidelines for nursing skills
- apply standard precautions
- use clean gloves when you anticipate contact with body fluids and nonintact skin or mucous membranes
- use gown, mask, and eye protection when there is a risk for splash
- keep bedside table surfaces clutter free, clean and dry when performing aseptic procedures
- clean all equipment that is shared between patients
- ensure that patients cover mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, use tissues to contain respiratory secretions and dispose of tissues in waste receptacle
A PATIENT IS ADMITTED TO THE HOSPITAL FOR A
MAJOR ABDOMINAL SURGERY. PRIOR TO SURGERY, A
NURSE INSERTS A FOLEY CATHETER. YOU WILL IDENTIFY
A LINK IN THE INFECTION CHAIN AS:
A. RESTRAINTS.
B. POOR HYGIENE.
C. FOLEY CATHETER BAG.
D. IMPROPER POSITIONING.
??
. YOU ARE CARING FOR THE SAME PATIENT 48 HOURS
LATER. ON PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT, YOU NOTICE THAT THE
WOUND LOOKS RED AND SWOLLEN AND THE PERI WOUND
IS ALSO INFLAMED. THERE IS A SCANT AMOUNT OF
PURULENT DRAINAGE. THE PATIENT’S WBCS ARE
ELEVATED. YOU SHOULD:
A. START ANTIBIOTICS.
B. NOTIFY THE PROVIDER.
C. DOCUMENT THE FINDINGS AND REASSESS IN 2 HOURS.
D. PLACE THE PATIENT ON ISOLATION PRECAUTIONS.
