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Medicine Semester 1 > Infection and Immunity > Flashcards

Infection and Immunity Flashcards

0
Q

What 6 things make individuals more susceptible to particular infections?

A
  • Weakened immune system
  • Poor nutrition
  • Poor living conditions
  • No access to health care
  • Genetic disposition
  • Lifestyle
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1
Q

What is an infection?

A
  • The colonisation of a pathogen microbe on/in a susceptible host with associated dysfunction or damage.
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2
Q

What is the outcome of infection influenced by?

A
  • The host’s immune system
  • The affected body systems
  • The drugs used
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3
Q

What is a pathogen?

A
  • A bacterium, virus or other micro-organism that can cause disease.
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4
Q

What is the use of Gram stain reactions?

A
  • To allow the detection and classification of most bacteria.
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5
Q

Why does gram negative stain red?

A
  • As the iodine complex does not remain in the bacterium, as the cell wall isn’t thick enough to retain it.
  • It is drawn out by the methanol/acetone and reacts to form a red colour.
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6
Q

Why are Gram positive bacteria stained blue?

A
  • As the iodine complex remains in the cell

- The methanol/acetone cannot withdraw the iodine complex due to the thickness of the cell walls so it remains blue

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7
Q

Name the characteristics of Eukaryotes.

A
  • No cell wall
  • No envelope
  • No capsid
  • Membrane bound organelles
  • DNA & RNA
  • No pili or flagella
  • No reverse transcriptase.
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8
Q

Name the characteristics of bacteria.

A
  • Peptidoglycan or lipopolysaccharide cell wall
  • No capsid
  • No membrane bound organelles
  • No nucleus only circular DNA
  • DNA & RNA
  • Pili and flagella
  • No reverse transcriptase
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9
Q

Name the characteristics of Viruses.

A
  • Can be enveloped
  • No organelles
  • Can have capsids
  • DNA OR RNA
  • No pili or flagella
  • Can have reverse transcriptase.
  • Needs the support of a cell to multiply
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10
Q

What are the two main groups of prokaryotes?

A
  • Archea

- Bacteria

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11
Q

What are the two main groups of eukaryotes?

A
  • Fungi

- Protozoa

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12
Q

What type of ribosomes do prokaryotes and eukaryotes contain?

A
  • 70s

- 80s

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13
Q

What are viroids and prions?

A
  • Infectious agents that appear to only consist of nucleic acid (Viroids) and protein (Prions)
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14
Q

What is a reservoir?

A
  • Any habitat in which an infection agent can multiply
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15
Q

What is a source?

A
  • A readily available form of an infectious agent
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16
Q

Give 5 modes of transport for an infectious agent into the host.

A
  • Ingestion
  • Inhalation
  • Sexual contact
  • Physical contact
  • Innoculataion
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17
Q

What is a carriage?

A
  • The passage taken by the micro-organisms
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18
Q

What is normal flora?

A
  • Non-pathogenic bacteria that’s naturally found in our bodies.
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19
Q

What does commensal mean?

A
  • Relationship in which one species derives benefit and the other is unaffected.
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20
Q

Staphylococcus aureus.

A
  • Gram positive
  • Food poisoning
  • Toxic shock syndrome
  • Abscesses
  • If in blood stream: Endocarditis & osteomyelitis
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21
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes

A
  • Gram positive

- Necrotising fasciitis

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22
Q

Group B Streptococci

A
  • Gram positive
  • Neonatal Sepsis
  • Meningitis
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23
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae

A
  • Gram positive

- Pneumonia

24
Q

Clostridium perfingens

A
  • Gram positive

- Gas gangrene

25
Q

Clostridium difficile

A
  • Gram positive

- Diarrhoea

26
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A
  • Acid fast stain

- Tuberculosis

27
Q

Mycobacterium leprae

A
  • Acid fast stain

- Leprosy

28
Q

Neisseria meningitidis

A
  • Gram negative
  • Meningitis
  • Septicaemia
29
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoea

A
  • Gram negative
  • Gonorrhoea
  • Pelvic inflammatory disease
  • Epididymitis
30
Q

Escherichia coli

A
  • Gram negative
  • Watery diarrhoea
  • Acute renal failure
31
Q

Salmonella spp.

A
  • Gram negative
  • gastroenteritis
  • Typhoid fever
32
Q

Shigella

A
  • Gram negative
  • Dysentery
  • Bloody diarrhoea
33
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A
  • Gram negative

- Generalised inflammation and sepsis

34
Q

Legionella spp.

A
  • Gram negative
  • Pontiac fever
  • Legionellosis
  • Acute influenza/pneumonia
35
Q

Helicobacter pylori

A
  • Gram negative

- Duodenal peptic ulcers

36
Q

Bacteroids spp.

A
  • Gram negative

- Abscesses and legions

37
Q

Chlamydia spp.

A
  • Gram negative

- Chlamydia

38
Q

Hepatitis B

A
  • DNA enveloped

- Inflamed liver

39
Q

Herpes

A
  • DNA enveloped

- Oral/Genital

40
Q

Smallpox

A
  • DNA enveloped

- Smallpox

41
Q

HPV

A
  • DNA non-enveloped
  • Warts
  • Cervical cancer
42
Q

HIV

A
  • RNA enveloped

- AIDS

43
Q

Rubella

A
  • RNA enveloped
  • Rash
  • Congenital rubella syndrome
44
Q

Rota virus

A
  • RNA enveloped

- Diarrhoea

45
Q

Corona virus

A
  • RNA enveloped

- SARS

46
Q

Hepatitis A

A
  • RNA non-enveloped

- Liver damage

47
Q

Polio

A
  • RNA non-enveloped

- Inflammation of the spinal cord.

48
Q

Penicillin

A
  • Beta-lactams

- Cell wall

49
Q

Amoxicillin

A
  • Beta-lactams

- Cell wall

50
Q

Flucloxacillin

A
  • Beta-lactams

- Cell wall

51
Q

Cephalexin

A
  • Beta-lactams

- Cell wall

52
Q

Vancomycin

A
  • Glycopeptide

- Cell wall

53
Q

Gentamycin

A
  • Aminoglycoside

- Protein synthesis

54
Q

Erythromycin

A
  • Macrolide

- Protein synthesis

55
Q

Tetracycline

A
  • Polyketide

- Protein synthesis

56
Q

Ciprofloxacin

A
  • Chemotherapeutic

- DNA

57
Q

What does Rifampicin target?

A
  • DNA polymerase
58
Q

What group does Metronidazole and Trimethoprim belong?

A
  • Anti-folates

Medicine Semester 1 (6 decks)

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