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ESA 1 Revision > Infection and Immunity > Flashcards

Infection and Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Staphalococcus aureus

A

Boils, impetigo of the skin, toxic shock syndrome, food poisoning. If in blood stream possibly endocarditis and osteomyelitis

Gram positive

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2
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes

A

Strept throat and scarlet fever

Can lead to necrotising fasciitis, flesh eating bacteria

Gram positive

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3
Q

Group B streptococci

A

Neonatal sepsis, meningitis

Gram positive

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4
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Pneumonia

Also menigitis, sepsis, endocarditis

Gram positive

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5
Q

Neissaria meningitides

A

Septicaeimia and meningitis

Gram negative

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6
Q

Neissaria Gonorrhoeae

A

Gonorrhoea

Can lead to pelvic inflammatroy disease and epidiymitis

Gram negative

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7
Q

Clostridium perfringens

A

Gas Gangrene

Gram positive

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8
Q

Clostridium difficile

A

Antibiotic associated Diarrhoea

Gram positive

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9
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

TB

Gram stain n/a

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10
Q

Mycobacterium leprae

A

Leprosy

Gram stain n/a

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11
Q

Echerichia coli

A

Diarrhoea, acute renal failure, haemolytic uremic syndrome

Gram negative

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12
Q

Salmonella spp

A

(Gastro)Enteritis with diarrhoea

Typhoid fever

Gram negative

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13
Q

Shigella

A

Colitis with bloody diarrhoea

Dysentry

Gram negative

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14
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

Pneumonia, potential for septicaemia

Gram negative

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15
Q

Legionella spp

A

Legionnaires disease, Pontiac fever, acute influenza or pneumonia

Gram negative

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16
Q

Helicobacter pylori

A

Causal role in peptic ulcers, especially Duodenal ulcers

Gram negative

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17
Q

Bacteroides spp

A

Abcesses,

Gram negative

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18
Q

Chlamydia spp

A

Chlamydia

Gram stain n/a

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19
Q

What is infection?

A

The colonisation/multiplication of a pathogenic microbe on or in a susceptible host with associated disfunction and damage.

The process by which disease is transmitted via microorganisms from one person to another

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20
Q

What causes infection?

A

Pathogen microbes

Bacteria

Viruses

Fungi

Protazoan

Infestation by worms

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21
Q

Describe Koch Henle Postulates (1882)

A

The agent must be shown to be present in every case of the disease by isolation in pure culture

The agent must not be found in cases of other disease

Once isolated, the agent must be capable of reproducing the disease in experiemental animals, and must be recovered from the experimental disease produced

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22
Q

Why are some individuals susceptible to particular infections?

A

Weakened immune systems

Poor nutrition

Poor living circumstances

No access to health care or vaccinations

Genetic predispostion

Lifestyle, for example STDs

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23
Q

What influences the outcome of infection?

A

The host’s immune system, the affected body systems and the drugs used

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24
Q

How is human DNA affected by microbial interactions?

Describe how viral and bacterial infections may be linked

A

Human genome hugely shaped by interactions, viral insertions

Viral infections often preced bacterial infections

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25
Q

How can bacteria be stained?

A

Haemotoxylin and Eosin stain bacteria poorly.

Most bacteria are stained by the gram stain

Acid Fast detects mycobacteria which are not be identified by gram. TB and leprosy.

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26
Q

What are the key properties of eukaryotes?

A

No cell wall

No envelope

No capsid

Membrane bound organelles

Nucleus

DNA and RNA

No pili or flagella

No reverse transcriptase

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27
Q

What are the key properties of bacteria?

A

Peptidoglycan or lipopolysaccharide cell wall

No capsid

No membrane bound organelles

No nucleus- circular DNA

plasmids

DNA and RNA

Pili, flagella

No reverse transcriptase

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28
Q

What are the key properties of viruses?

A

Can be enveloped

No organelles, obligate intracellular parasite

Can have capsids

DNA or RNA

No pili or flagella

Can have reverse transcriptase

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29
Q

How do you carry out a Gram stain?

A

+ Crystal violet, binds to - cell components

Iodine forms a large molecular complex with crystal violet

Acetone or methanol extract the complexes through gram negative cell wall but not gram positive

A red dys is used to stain the gram negative cells

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30
Q

What is the gram stain used for?

A

To detect and classify most bacteria

Gram negative or gram positive depending on the cell wall

Reveals medical differences

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31
Q

What is a gram positive bacteria and what colour does it stain?

What is a gram negative bacteria and what colour does it stain?

A

A gram positive bacteria has a plasma membrane surrounded by a very thick layer of peptidoglycan. Stains purple

A gram negative bacteria has a cytoplasmic plasma membrane, then a thin layer of peptidoglycan, then an outer plasma membrane

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32
Q

Define the term pathogen and non pathogen

A

A bacterium, virus or other microorganism that can cause disease whereas a non pathogen is a bacterium that does not cause disease.

Non pathogens may have essential ecological roles

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33
Q

Describe variations in bacteria shapes

A

Cocci: spherical

Bacilli: rods

Coccobacilli

Sprllum: spiral

Vibrio: comma

Staphylococci: grape like clusters

Streptococci: chains

Diplococci: pair

Spirachaete: corkscrew

34
Q

What is the significance of the genome composition of viruses?

A

RNA viruses are more likely to mutate as RNA is less stable

35
Q

Describe the significance of an envelope surrounding a virus

A

If a virus has an envelope it is more easily sterilised as if holes are punched through the envelope the virus can not survive

36
Q

What are the different replication strategies used by viruses?

A

RNA viruses can use reverse transcriptase e.g. HIV

DNA viruses can use cell machinery e.g. HPV

Or a virus can carry its own replicatio enzymes

37
Q

How can bacteria be grown and measured?

A

In a broth/liquid, measure turbidity

Agar, count colonies

Both of these are unnatural

Biofilms: this is how bacteria are found in nature, on surfaces as complex communities like on teeth

38
Q

How do bacteria multiply?

Growth curve

A

BINARY FISSION replication

Lag, log, stationary, death

39
Q

What are the requirements for bacteria growth?

A

Specific energy source

Specific building blocks

Specific atmosphere: aerobes need oxygen, facultative organisms can be with or without oxygen, anaerobes must not have oxygen

40
Q

Which general types of bacteria are gram positive?

A

Staphylococcus

Streptococcus

Clostridium (bacilli)

41
Q

Which general types of bacteria are gram negative?

A

Neisseria (cocci)

BACILLI:

Escheria, Salmonella, Shigella, Pseudomonas, Legionella, Helicobacter, Bacteriodes, Chlamydia

42
Q

Name examples of b Lactam antibiotics and what they target

A

Penicillin, amoxicillin, flucloxacillin, cephalexin

They target the bacteria cell wall

43
Q

What glycopeptide antibiotic targets bacterial cell walls?

A

Vancomycin

44
Q

Which antibiotics target protein synthesis?

Try and give which group they are in

A

Gentamicin (Aminoglycoside)

Erythromycin (macrolide)

Tertracycline (polyketide)

45
Q

What is antibiotic that targets DNA?

A

Ciprofloxacin, a chemotherapeutic

46
Q

What is an antibiotic that targets RNA polymerase?

A

Rifampicin

47
Q

Describe some properties of viruses

A

Acellualr

Can not multiply without the support of cells, need biosynthetic machinery

All that infect humans are pathogens, but many can not parasitise us

Different types infect eukaryotes and prokaryotes (bacteriophages)

48
Q

How can a virus be surrounded?

A

A protein coat called a capsid

Which may or may not be surrounded

By a host cell derived lipid envelope, gained by budding off

49
Q

What are indications of a viral infection?

A

Intracellualr

Viral inclusion bodies - NEGRI BODIES
Abundant ribonuceloprotein in the inclusion

Owls eye inclusion for cytomegalovirus infections such as herpes

Damage to cells: CYTOPATHIC EFFECT

50
Q

What do viruses have no genes for?

A

Encoding proteins for metabolic energy generation

Encoding proteins for metabolic protein synthesis

Some have no genes encoding enzymes for nucleic acid synthesis, it depends on the group

51
Q

What types of nucleic acids can viruses contain?

A

Single or double stranded DNA or RNA

Can be linear, circular, nicked

Unsegmented or segmented - allows for chromosomal reassortment such as in flu

SS RNA can be + or - sense

+RNA: genomic RNA can serves as mRNA and be directly translated into protein

-RNA: can’t serve as mRNA, needs to be processed before translation, such as retroviruses

52
Q

Describe a capsid

A

Protein outer coat

Composed of individual sub units, CAPSOMERS

Protects from harsh conditions

Involved in attachment to host cells

2 structure types: icosahedral, helical

53
Q

What are the requirements for a virus to infect a host cell?

A

Cell must contain a receptor for the virus to bind to

The part of the virus that binds to a receptor is a LIGAND

Some infections are tissue specific, for example HIV in T lymphocytes (CD4 receptor/CXCR4) or macrophages(CCR5 receptor)

Needs cellular machinery for viral replication

54
Q

What is a ligand?

A

The part of a virus that bind to a host cell

It is on the capsid of a naked virus, and the envelope of an enveloped virus

55
Q

What is a host range?

A

Spectrum of host cells that a virus can successfully infect or replicate in

56
Q

What are examples of DNA enveloped viruses?

What are their effects?

A

Hepatitis B: inflamed liver

Herpes: oral/genital sores

Small pox

57
Q

What are examples of DNA non enveloped viruses?

A

HPV warts: cervical cancer

Causes cells to proliferate uncontrollably

58
Q

What are some examples of RNA enveloped viruses and what are their effects?

A

HIV: AIDS

Rubella: rash, congenital rubella syndrome

Rotavirus: diarrhoea

Coronavirus: colds/SARS

59
Q

What are some examples of RNA non enveloped viruses?

A

Picornaviruses

Polio: inflammation of the spinal cord

Hepatitis A: liver disease

60
Q

What are the modes of transmission?

A

Direct contact

Sex

Vertical transmission

Environment

Respiratoty

GI: fecal oral

Transcutaneous: innoculation

61
Q

How can infection be spread around the body?

How can they be curtailed?

A

Nerves, blood , lymph

Cell mediated immunity

62
Q

What are sources of infection?

A

Ruminant faeces

Animal to person (zoonosis)

Meat

Waterborne

Cross contamination in food preparation

Person to person

Other foods of animal origin

63
Q
A
64
Q

Describe key figures in the recognition of infection and microbiology

A

Hippocrates 3BC, Leuwenhoek 17C

65
Q

Describe key figures in the study of infection transmission

A

Snow: broad street pump

Hunter: study of inflammation and venereal disease

Semmelweiss: hand washing

Nightingale: cleanliness stopping infection

66
Q

Key figures in proving microbes cause disease and fighting them

A

Pasteur

Lister

Koch

Ehrlich

Fleming

67
Q

What are the limitations of Koch Hele postulates?

A

Fine for acute diseeases

But not for

chronic or minor conditions

Multiple causes

If pathogen can’t be grown

68
Q

What are the different habitats that may be occupied by microbes?

A

Air

Soil

Bodily fluids

Animals

Plants

Humans

69
Q

What is a reservoir?

A

Any person, animal, plant, soil or substance in which an infectious agent lives/multiplies

70
Q

What is a source?

A

Readily available form of infection agent

71
Q

What are modes of transmission?

A

Ingestion

Inhalation

Physical contact

Inoculation

Sexual

72
Q

How does infection spread?

Decribe method

A

Reservoir

to

Immediate source

to

Mode of transmission

to

Susceptible host

73
Q

Define Carriage

A

Passage taken by a microorganism

EG nasal, throat

74
Q

What is normal flora?

A

Non pathogenic bacteria normally found in our bodies: eg the gut

75
Q

What is commensal?

A

Symbiotic relationship where one species derives benefit (microne) and the other is unaffected (host)

This is the time when the microbe may be replicating or waiting for the immune system to become compromised

76
Q

Describe how microbes infect a host

A

Encounter

Entry/establishment

Colonisation

Either then commensal or

Spread, multiply, damage, outcome

Increasing damage

77
Q

How can spread of infection be prevented in hospitals?

A

Eliminate microbe from reservoir/immediate source

Isolate susceptible host from immediate source or protect

Protect transmission

78
Q

What is R0?

A

The number of secondary cases derived from one infected individual

79
Q

How is the R0 value interpreted?

A

If R0 >1: infection propagates

If R0<1: infection dies out

80
Q

How can infection be prevented (give specific examples)

Put in decreasing order of effectiveness

A

Handwashing (most effective)

Cohorting of staff

Antibiotic use

81
Q
A

ESA 1 Revision (8 decks)

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