Infection and Immunity Flashcards
What is the appearance of staph aureus?
- gram positive cocci
- clusters
- catalase positive
- coagulase positive
What is treatment of staph aureus?
- flucloxacillin
- vancomycin for MRSA
What is the appearance of staph epidermidis?
- gram positive cocci
- clusters
- catalase positive
- coagulase negative
What is treatment of staph epidermidis?
- flucloxacillin (high risk of resistance)
- vancomycin
What is the appearance of strep pyogenes?
- gram positive cocci
- chains
- catalase negative
- beta haemolysis on blood agar
- bacitracin sensitive
- lancefield group A (GAS)
What is treatment of strep pyogenes?
- penicillin
- macrolides
What is the appearance of streptococcus agalactiae?
- gram positive cocci
- chains
- catalase negative
- beta haemolysis on blood agar
- lancefield group B
What is treatment of streptococcus agalactiae?
penicillin +/- gentamicin
What is the appearance of streptococcus pneumonia?
- gram positive cocci
- pairs (diplococci)
- catalase negative
- optochin sensitive
- bile soluble
- alpha haemolysis on blood agar
What is treatment of streptococcus pneumonia?
- penicillin susceptible: amoxicillin
- penicillin resistant: vancomycin, cephalosporins, macrolides, fluoroquinolone
What is the appearance of viridans streptococci?
- alpha haemolysis on blood agar
- bile insoluble
What is treatment of viridans streptococci?
penicillin +/- gentamicin
What is the appearance of pseudomonas?
- oxidase positive
- gram negative rods
What is the treatment of pseudomonas?
Combinations of drugs or monotherapy with broad spectrum drug usually needed
- piperacillin
- fluoroquinolones
- tobramycin
- carbapenems
- macrolides (may have effect on biofilm formation)
- colistin
What is the appearance of E.coli/klebsiella (enterobacterales)?
- oxidase negative
- gram negative rods
What is treatment of e.coli/klebsiella (enterobacterales)?
- amoxicillin +/- clavulanic acid
- cephalosporins
- gentamicin
- fluoroquinolone
What is treatment of salmonella, shigella, yersinia?
Fluoroquinolone
what is the appearance of encapsulated haemophilia influenxzar?
Gram negative coccobacilli
What is the treatment of encapsulated haemophilia influenza?
ceftriaxone
What is the appearance of encapsulated and non-encapsulated h.influenzae?
gram negative coccobacilli
What is the treatment of encapsulated and non-encapsulated h.influenzar?
mild infections:
- coamoxyclav
- cefaclor
serious infections:
- ceftriaxone
What is the appearance of neisseria meningitides?
gram negative diplococci (in PMN’s)
What is treatment of neisseria meningitides?
- penicillin (increasing resistance)
- ceftriaxone (empiric choice)
What is treatment of legionella, chlamydia, mycoplasma?
macrolides (erythromycin, roxithromycin)
What is treatment of Candida albicans?
- fluconazole
- caspofungin amphotericin B
What is treatment of other candida species?
caspofungin amphotericin B (+/-flucytosine)
What is treatment of aspergillus?
amphotericin B (+/- flu cytosine)
What is the appearance of clostroides difficile?
gram positive, spore forming rod
What is treatment of clostroides difficile?
- stop initiating therapy
- oral metronidazole/vancomycin (do not prevent relapse)
- fidoxamicin/FMT (prevents relapse)
What is the treatment of clostridium perfringens?
IV penicillin
What is treatment of bacteroides/clostridium?
- metronidazole
- clindamycin
- cephamycins
- fluoroquinolone
- carbapenems
- beta lactam/beta lactamos combinations
