Infection Flashcards
Factors involved in Infection
Microbial adaptation and change Changes in human behavior Immigration Overuse an misuse of antibiotic International trade and travel Climate Agricultural practices
Microbial adaptation and change
Feeding antibiotics to livestock has resulted in the detection of antibiotics and antibiotic-resistance bacteria in the ground water and soil
Run-off during floods can contaminate waterways with antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria
Antibiotics
As a result of the inappropriate use of antibiotics, about 70 percent of hospital-acquired infections are caused by bacteria that are resistant to at least one antimicrobial drug.
Each year, about 14,000 hospitalized patients die from resistant pathogens such as MRSA and VRE
HIV Risk factors
High risk sexual behaviors
Sharing of intravenous drug needles
Babies born to HIV+ women during birth or through breast feeding
Health care workers
Transfusion of blood or blood clotting factors (very rare in countries where blood is screened for HIV antibodies)
HIV (The acute phase)
~2-4 weeks after exposure
Fever Fatigue Night sweats Myalgias Sore throat GI problems Lypmphadenopathy Maculopapular rash Headache
HIV (The Latency period)
For 10 years, no signs or symptoms. May arise after 7-ish years
Overt AIDS phase
CD4+ cell count < 200 or an AIDS-defining illness
Can lead to death in 2-3 years without treatment.
Opportunistic infections
Fever, diarrhea, weight loss, wasting syndrome, generalized lymphadenopathy, multiple opportunistic infections, & secondary neoplasms
Clinical Manifestations of AIDS
CD4+ cells invaded
rapid replication occurs
1-4 weeks after exposure, of infected individuals develop flu-like symptoms
The immune response fights back with killer T-cells (CD8+) and B-cell produced antibodies
Clinical latency ~10yrs
Opportunistic infections – The Late Stage
Some include: Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) Mycobacterium tuberculosis Oral/esophageal/Vaginal candidiasis Herpes simplex virus (HSV) ulcers Genital warts (HPV) Malignancy (sarcoma)
AIDS Diagnosis
ELISA: screening The Western Blot PCR CD4 Cell Count Viral Load Rapid HIV Testing Ora Quick Rapid HIV-1 Antibody Test: Reactive or Positive
AIDS Treatment
HAART – Highly active antiretroviral therapy
Reduces the viral load
Multiple classes of antiretroviral drug therapy
Reverse transcriptase inhibitors, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, and fusion inhibitors
