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Infection > Infection > Flashcards

Infection Flashcards

0
Q

What is virulence

A

The degree of pathogenicity within a group of parasites as indicated by fatality and ability to invade a host’s tissues

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1
Q

5 stages of how microorganisms cause disease

A

Exposure Invasion Adherence Multiplication Dissemination

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2
Q

Pathogenicity

A

Ability to cause disease. Determined by virulence factors

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3
Q

List some virulence factors

A

Exotoxins Endotoxins

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4
Q

What is a bacteriophage

A

Virus which infects and replicates within a bacterium

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5
Q

What is a cluster of cocci called?

A

Staphylococci

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6
Q

What is a chain of cocci called?

A

Streptococci

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7
Q

What is in the infection model?

A

Patient - person, time, place Mechanism of infection - type of spread Infection - attachemnt? Toxins? Host defences? Inflammation? Damage? Management - diagnosis based in history, examination and investigations, treatment, infection prevention

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8
Q

What is specific treatment?

A

A medicine that has properties especially useful for treatment of a disease eg antimicrobials, surgery

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9
Q

What is supportive treatment?

A

Aimed at reinforcing patient’s own defences in overcoming a disease eg fluids

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10
Q

Classification of antibiotics?

A

Antibacterials, antivirals, antifungals, antiprotozoa

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11
Q

Classify further antibacterials

A

Bactericidal/bacteriostatic

Spectrum - broad, narrow

Target site/mechanism of action

Chemical structure

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12
Q

Ideal features of antibiotics

A

Get to site of infection

Selective toxicity

Few adverse effects

Easy to take/administer (oral/IV)

Long half-life

No inteference with other drugs

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13
Q

Give the classifications of antibiotics based on their mechansim of action

A

Protein synthesis

Cell wall synthesis

Nucleic acid synthesis

Cell membrane function

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14
Q

What do beta-lactams do?

A

Inhibit petidoglycan cross-linking in cell walls. B-lactam ring binds to an enzyme which would normally do the cross-linking

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15
Q

Examples of beta-lactams?

A

Penicillins

  • Amoxicillin
  • Penicillin
  • Flucloxacillin
16
Q

What bacteria does amoxicillin target?

A

Gram positive mostly, some Gram negative

Upper respiratory tract infections

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Haemophilus influenzae

Enterococcus faecalis (endocarditis, UTIs)

Beta haemolytic streptococci

NOT ACTIVE AGAINST STAPH AUREUS

17
Q

Give some examples of antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis

A

Penicillins and glycopeptides

18
Q

What do glycopeptides do?

A

Bind to amino acids in the cell wall preventing peptidoglycan cross-links

Affect Gram positive only

19
Q

Examples of glycopeptides

A

Vancomycin

Teicoplanin

20
Q

What bacteria does vancomycin affect?

A

Staph aureus (including MRSA)

Streptococci

Enterococci

C. diff

21
Q

Examples of antibiotics that affect protein synthesis?

A

Tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, macrolides

22
Q

How do tetracyclines work?

A

Lock tRNA to septal site of mRNA, blocking translation.

23
Q

Which bacteria do tetracyclines have an effect on?

A

Many Gram positives and some Gram negatives.

24
Q

How do aminoglycosides work?

A

Stop translation

Potentially nephrotoxic and ototoxic

25
Q

What are aminoglycosides used to treat?

A

Endocarditis, UTIs, staph aureus, E. coli

26
Q

How do macrolides work? Which bacteria do they affect?

A

Bind to 50S ribosome, intefering with protein synthesis. Affect Gram positive cocci, chlamydia, anaerobes

27
Q

Which antibiotics affect cell membrane function and how?

A

Polymixins

Interact with phospholipids so that cations and nucleic acids can leak out.

28
Q

Which bacteria do polymixins affect?

A

Gram negative

29
Q

3 methods of antibiotic resistance

A

Altered uptake

Drug inactivating enzymes

Altered target

30
Q

How does altered target work in drug resistance?

A

Lower affinity of target enzymes due to mutations

31
Q

How does altered uptake work in drug resistance?

A

Make themselves impermeable to drugs

Eg E. coli is resistant to tetracyclines by acquisition of an efflux pump.

32
Q

How do drug-inactivating enzymes work?

A

Eg Staph aureus produce beta-lactamase breaking down beta-lactam ring in penicillin.

Or add a chemical group to drugs eg aminoglycosides

33
Q

How do polyenes work?

A

Inhibit cell membrane function in fungal infections

34
Q

Give two types of polyenes and what they are used to treat

A

Nystatin - Candida

Amphotericin - Sytemic fungal infections through an IV

35
Q

How do azoles work?

A

Used to treat yeasts and moulds. Inhibit cell membrane synthesis

36
Q

What does aciclovir do?

A

Inhibits viral DNA polymerase.

37
Q

What is aciclovir used against?

A

Herpes simplex

Varicella zoster (chicken pox and shingles)

38
Q
A

Infection (14 decks)

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