Infection

Question 1

What is an Infection?

Answer 1

When a pathogen enters in the body, proliferation and causes a reaction

Question 2

What are symptoms of an infection

Answer 2

1. Malaise, aches, pain
2. Inflammation, swelling and pus.
   Serious
3. Confusion in elderly, 2.Worsening renal function
4. Breathing difficulties.

Question 3

What are the infection clinical biomarkers

Answer 3

Increased CRP, ESR, Glucose, Temperature and Respiratory Rate.
Decrease in blood pressure

Question 4

What antibiotics cause Colitis (C.diff)

Answer 4

Clindamycin
Broad Spectrum - Amoxicillin, Ampicillin and 3th and 4th gen Cephalosporins, Quinolones

Question 5

What are narrow spectrum antibiotics

Answer 5

Nitrofurantoin
Clindamycin
Metronidazole
Benzypenicillin
Phenoxymethylpenicillin
Linezolid

(Used when a pathogen is known - less resistance)

Question 6

What are broad spectrum antibiotics

Answer 6

Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines
Amoxicillin and Ampicillin
Quinolones
Chloramphenicol

Question 7

What are examples of notifiable disease

Answer 7

Anthrax
Botulism
Brucellosis
Cholera
COVID-19
Diarrhoea (infectious bloody)
Diphtheria
Encephalitis (acute)
Food poisoning
Haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS)
Haemorrhagic fever (viral)
Hepatitis (acute infectious)
Legionnaires’ disease
Leprosy

Question 8

what are examples of notifiable diseases (2)

Answer 8

Malaria
Measles
Meningitis (acute)
Meningococcal septicaemia
Mpox (monkeypox)
Mumps
Paratyphoid fever
Plague
Poliomyelitis (acute)
Rabies
Rubella
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
Scarlet fever
Smallpox
Streptococcal disease (Group A, invasive)
Tetanus
Tuberculosis
Typhoid fever
Typhus
Whooping cough
Yellow fever

Question 9

what are the antimicrobial priniciples

Answer 9

• do not treat viral infections with antibacterials or Self-limiting
• take sample and culture
• know the organism as narrow-spectrum antibiotics are preferred
• dose chosen should consider liver, kidney, weight and severity of infection
• route depends on severity of infection IV = Serious infection or ORAL n/a. IM = Avoid in Children
• duration of therapy

Question 10

What is an important counselling for patient using antibiotics?

Answer 10

Complete the Course

Question 11

When should patients seek medical help?

Answer 11

1. Symptoms worsen rapidly or do not improve
2. Systemically very unwell
   3.Problems with treatment

Question 12

How do you chose the right antibiotic

Answer 12

1. Patient needs
2. Bacteria involved
3. Resistance

Question 13

What are the patient needs with antibiotics?

Answer 13

Penicillin Allergy - cross sensitive to Cephalosporins and beta-lactams
- Offer Macrolide or Metronidazole in dental infections

Question 14

Which antibiotics are avoided in children

Answer 14

1. Tetracyclines (Not under 12
2. Quinolones

Question 15

What do you consider in elderly patients

Answer 15

1. Renal and Liver impairment
2. Drug Interactions
3. increased susceptibility to C.diff

Question 16

What are antibiotic choices in renal impairment

Answer 16

AVOID - Tetracyclines except minocycline/doxycycline which are caution
Nitrofuratoin >45ml/min

Question 17

What medicines are nephrotoxic?

Answer 17

Aminoglycosides and Glycopeptides

Question 18

what antibiotics are hepatoxic

Answer 18

Tetracyclines and Rifampicin

Question 19

What medicines are cautioned in liver impairment

Answer 19

Flucloxacillin and Co-amoxiclav cause cholestatic jaundice

metronidazole dose reduce if significant impairment

Question 20

What medicines are avoided in pregnancy

Answer 20

Tetracyclines, Trimethoprim (First Trimester) Nitrofurantoin at term (3rd trimester causes Nausea)
Metronidazole
Quinolones - Arthropathy
Chloramphenicol
Aminoglycosides (IV especially)
Sulfonamides

Question 21

What antibiotics are safe in pregnancy

Answer 21

Penicillin and Cephalosporins