Infection

Question 1

Definition of infection

Answer 1

Infection is the invasion and multiplication of micro organisms and body tissues, which may be inapparent or the result of local cellular injury caused by competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen antibody response.

Question 2

Scope of infection

Answer 2

Bacterial infections.
Viral infections.
Fungal infections.
Parasitic or protozoal infections.

Question 3

Example of bacterial infection

Answer 3

MERSA, CDiff, E. coli

Question 4

Example of viral infection

Answer 4

HIV, hepatitis A, B, C, or E virus, Ebola virus, RSV

Question 5

Example of fungal infection

Answer 5

Candidiasis, tinea pedis (athletes foot) 

Question 6

Example of parasitic or protozoal infection

Answer 6

Malaria

Question 7

Descriptors of infection

Answer 7

Location
Duration
Source
Spread

Question 8

Descriptor of infection: location

Answer 8

Localized infection vs disseminated infection vs systemic infection.

Question 9

Descriptor of infection: duration

Answer 9

Acute infection vs chronic infection

Question 10

Descriptor of infection: source

Answer 10

Hospital acquired or healthcare acquired infection vs community acquired infection.
Primary infection vs secondary infection.

Question 11

Descriptor of infection: spread

Answer 11

Endemic infection (normal or expected spread - chickenpox)
Epidemic infection (abnormal, or unexpected spread - seasonal flu)
Pandemic infection (worldwide - COVID, HIV, Spanish Flu) 

Question 12

What is the iceberg concept? 

Answer 12

There are three levels of infection:
1-The vast majority of the population May, at any given time, carrying infection wearing they are asymptomatic or undiagnosed. This group is thought to be the largest section of individuals. The part of the iceberg that is underwater.
2-A smaller population group presents with an infection that manifests as a
less severe, symptomatic disease.
3-The smallest group presents with casual, clinical symptoms of disease, and is at the very tip of the iceberg.

Question 13

Infection process

Answer 13

Pathogen-Susceptible host-Reservoir-Portal of exit (from reservoir)-Mode of transportation-portal of entry (to the susceptible host)

Question 14

Immune responses to bacterial invasion:

Answer 14

B lymphocytes are activated, resulting in the production of antibodies.
T lymphocytes are activated, resulting in phagocytosis.
Complement system is activated to enhance overall response.
Bacteria release endotoxins or exotoxins, which damage the cells of the host and initiate an inflammatory response.

Question 15

Consequences of uncontrolled infection:

Answer 15

Septic shock
Multiple organ failure
Death

Question 16

Populations at greatest risk for infection:

Answer 16

Very young, poor, uninsured, residence of geographic areas where an infection is prevalent, elderly.

Question 17

Individual risk factors for infection:

Answer 17

Immobility
Living condition
Immuno deficiency
Transplant patient
Chronic disease

Question 18

Primary prevention for infection:

Answer 18

Vaccines
Proper hygiene

Question 19

Secondary prevention or screening for infection:

Answer 19

Most common infection screening include sexually transmitted infection in high-risk groups, & tuberculosis screening in high-risk groups.