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Infection Prevention Control > Infection > Flashcards

Infection Flashcards

1
Q

These are infections that patients acquire during the course of medical treatment. I

A

Health care-associated infections (HAIs)

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2
Q

Approximately how many percent of all patients admitted to a hospital develop an HAI, and how many percent of HAIs are pneumonias.

A

5%, 15%

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3
Q

Infection control procedures aim to

A

eliminate the sources of infectious agents, create barriers to their transmission, and monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of control.

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4
Q

People may also serve as their own source of infection, via_______ This latter process is called_______

A

endogenous flora, autogenous infection

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5
Q

What are the susceptible host factor that can enhance susceptibility

A

poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, extremes of age, and underlying acquired (HIV infection) or iatrogenic (through chemotherapy or anti-tumor necrosis factor inhibitors) immunodeficiency

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6
Q

These are infections that are acquired in the hospital.

A

Hospital-acquired or nosocomial infections

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7
Q

Three elements must be present for transmission of infection within a health care setting:

A

a source (or reservoir) of pathogens, (2) a susceptible host, and (3) a route of transmission for the pathogen

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8
Q

Patients with an artificial tracheal airway are at high risk for_________ for several reasons

A

nosocomial pneumonia

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9
Q

The three major routes for transmission of human sources of pathogens in the health care environment are

A

contact (direct and indirect), respiratory droplets, and airborne droplet nuclei (respirable particles <5 µm).

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9
Q

The three major routes for transmission of human sources of pathogens in the health care environment are

A

contact (direct and indirect), respiratory droplets, and airborne droplet nuclei (respirable particles <5 µm).

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10
Q

It is the most common route of transmission

A

Contact transmission

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11
Q

Two types of contact transmission

A

Direct and indirect

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12
Q

It occurs when a pathogen is transferred directly from one person to another

A

Direct contact

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13
Q

It is the most frequent mode of transmission in the health care environment and involves the transfer of a pathogen through a contaminated intermediate object or person

A

Indirect contact

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14
Q

Inanimate objects that may serve to transfer pathogens from one person to another are called_________

A

fomites

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15
Q

It is a form of contact transmission, but the mechanism of transfer of the pathogen is distinct, and additional prevention measures are required.

A

Droplet transmission

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16
Q

Organisms that are transmitted by respiratory droplets include

A

influenza and Neisseria meningitidis

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17
Q

Transmission occurs when infectious droplets are propelled (usually what distance) and are deposited on another person’s mouth or nose.

A

≤3 feet through the air

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18
Q

occurs via the spread of airborne droplet nuclei.

A

Airborne transmission

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19
Q

These are small particles (≤5 µm) of evaporated droplets containing infectious microorganisms that can remain suspended in the air for long periods

A

airborne droplet nuclei

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20
Q

Examples of pathogens transmitted via the airborne route include

A 
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, varicella-zoster virus (chickenpox), and 
rubeola virus (measles).
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21
Q

Types of aerosol transmission

A

obligate, preferential, opportunistic

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22
Q

Under natural conditions, disease occurs after transmission of the microorganism through small-particle aerosols.

A

Obligate transmission

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23
Q

Natural infection results from transmission through multiple routes, but small-particle aerosols predominate

A

Preferential transmission

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24
Q

Microorganisms that cause disease through other routes but under certain environmental conditions may be transmitted via fine-particle aerosol (e.g., SARS transmission via an aerosol plume that originated from sewage in the Amoy Gardens housing complex).

A

Opportunistic transmission

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25
Q

occurs via exposure to pathogens in contaminated food, water, or medications
(e.g., heparin solution).

A

Common vehicle transmission

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26
Q

Transmission of infectious diseases from insects and rats and other vermin occurs but is of less significance in U.S. health care facilities.

A

Vector-borne

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27
Q

It is the most difficult and least feasible approach to infection control.

A

Decreasing inherent host susceptibility to infection

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28
Q

Hospital efforts at this level focus mainly on

A

employee immunization and chemoprophylaxis

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29
Q

Meaning of OSHA

A

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

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30
Q

The best way to decrease host susceptibility to a device-related infection is
first to_______ and second_________

A

limit device use, to ensure that devices are placed and maintained appropriately

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31
Q

defined as the use of multiple different evidence-based best practices to prevent device-related infection

A

Prevention bundles

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32
Q

Infection control procedures designed to remove environmental pathogens fall into two major categories:

A

general sanitation measures and specialized equipment processing

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33
Q

aims to reduce the number of pathogens to a safe level. This reduction is achieved through sanitary laundry management, food preparation, and housekeeping.

A

General sanitation

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34
Q

The goal of______ is to decontaminate equipment capable of spreading infection.
Equipment processing involves cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization (when necessary).

A

specialized equipment processing

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35
Q

Methods that kill bacteria are______, whereas methods and techniques that
inhibit the growth of bacteria are_______ . Methods that destroy spores are__________ , and methods that destroy viruses are_______

A

bactericidal, bacteriostatic, sporicidal, virucidal

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36
Q 
There are two tiers of HICPAC and the Centers for Disease Control 
and Prevention (CDC) transmission precautions:
A

standard precautions and transmission-based precautions.

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37
Q

These precautions are intended to be applied to the care of all patients in all health care settings all the time. This is the primary strategy for the prevention of healthcare-associated transmission of infections among patients
and health care personnel.

A

Standard precautions

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38
Q

refers to various barriers and respirators used alone or in combination to
protect mucous membranes, skin, and clothing from contact with infectious agents

A

PPE

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39
Q

It includes handwashing with either plain or antiseptic-containing soap and water for at least 15 seconds and the use of alcohol-based products (gels, rinses, and foams) containing an emollient that does not require the use of water.

A

Hand hygiene

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40
Q

It is an important component of standard precautions because the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, and mouth are particularly vulnerable to some types of pathogens.

A

Face protection

41
Q

It protect mucosal surfaces against splashes or sprays

A

Masks

42
Q

It protects caregivers from contamination when contacting blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions, mucous membranes, and nonintact the skin of patients and when handling or touching visibly or potentially contaminated patient care equipment and environmental surfaces

A

Gloves

43
Q

Caregivers should wear sterile gloves whenever performing______. A single pair of________ (e.g., latex, vinyl, nitrile) may be used for routine patient care.

A

invasive procedures, non-sterile disposable gloves

44
Q

It (use of NIOSH-approved N-95 or higher-level respirator) is intended for diseases (e.g., M. tuberculosis, SARS, smallpox) that could be transmitted through the airborne route.

A

Respiratory protection

45
Q

The term respiratory protection has a regulatory context that includes components of the program required by OSHA to protect workers:

A
  1. medical clearance to wear a respirator, (2) provision and use of appropriate NIOSH-approved fit-tested respirators, and (3) education in respirator use.
46
Q

It also provides barrier protection and can prevent the contamination of clothing and exposed body areas from blood and body fluid contact and transmissible pathogens (e.g., respiratory syncytial virus and Clostridium difficile).

A

Isolation gowns and other apparel (aprons, leg coverings,

boots, or shoe covers)

47
Q

The elements of respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette include

A

(1) education of health care personnel, patients, and visitors; (2) posted signs in language appropriate to the population served with instructions for patients and accompanying family members or friends; (3) source control measures (covering the mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing or placing a surgical mask on a coughing person when possible); (4) hand hygiene after contact with respiratory secretions; and (5) spatial separation (≥3 feet from persons with respiratory infections in common waiting areas)

48
Q

refers to isolation techniques intended to reduce the risk of selected infectious agents transmitted by “small droplets” of aerosol particles (e.g., M. tuberculosis).

A

AI or Airborne Isolation

49
Q

A specialized engineering approach to protect highly immunocompromised patients is a________. A________ is used for patients with allogeneic hematologic stem cell transplants to minimize fungal spore counts in the air.

A

protective environment, protective environment

50
Q

It is a practice of grouping patients with the same infection (or colonized with the same organism) together to confine care geographically and prevent transmission to other patients.

A

Cohorting

51
Q

Removal of all foreign material (e.g., soil, organic material) from objects

A

Cleaning

52
Q

Inactivation of all microorganisms except bacterial spores (with sufficient exposure times, spores may also be destroyed)

A

Disinfection,

high-level

53
Q

Complete destruction of all forms of microbial life

A

Sterilization

54
Q

Inactivation of all vegetative bacteria, most viruses, most fungi, and M. tuberculosis, without destruction of bacterial spores

A

Disinfection,

intermediate-level

55
Q

Inactivation of most bacteria, some viruses, and fungi, without destruction of resistant microorganisms such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis or bacterial spores

A

Disinfection,

low-level

56
Q

Inactivation of most pathogenic organisms, excluding spores

A

Disinfection

general term

57
Q

The five key components to bronchoscope reprocessing are

A

cleaning, disinfecting, rinsing, drying, and storage

58
Q

What bronchoscope offers many advantages over manual disinfection because they automate several
steps.

A 
Automated 
bronchoscope reprocessors (ABRs)
59
Q

In what year does , who published his approach to disinfection
and sterilization, which was based on the degree of risk of
infection involved in the use of the item in patient care.

A

1968, Spaulding

60
Q

These items are categorized based on the high risk of infection if such an item is contaminated with pathogens, including bacterial spores (e.g., items that enter sterile tissue or the vascular system).

A

Critical items

61
Q

Most of these critical items should be purchased

A

sterile or be sterilized, by steam sterilization if possible

62
Q

These items come into contact with mucous membranes or nonintact skin; this includes most respiratory equipment.

A

Semicritical

63
Q

These items should be free of all microorganisms before use (bacterial spores may be present). Semicritical items require at least________ using chemical disinfectants.

A

high-level disinfection

64
Q

These items come into contact with intact skin (an effective barrier to
most microbes) but not mucous membranes

A

Noncritical items

65
Q

It is the first step in all equipment processing. It involves removing
dirt and organic material from equipment, usually by washing.

A

Cleaning

66
Q

Examples of critical items

A 
surgical devices 
Intravascular catheters
Implants
Heart-lung bypass components
Dialysis components
Bronchoscope forceps/brushes
67
Q

Examples of semicritical

A 
Bronchoscopes
Oral, nasal, and tracheal airways
Ventilator circuits/humidifiers
PFT mouthpieces and tubing
Nebulizers and their reservoirs
Resuscitation bags
Laryngoscope blades/stylets
Pressure, gas, or temperature probes
68
Q

Examples of noncritical items

A

Face masks Detergent washing
Blood pressure cuffs
Ventilators

69
Q

Describes a process that destroys the vegetative form of all pathogenic organisms on an inanimate object except bacterial spores

A

Disinfection

70
Q

By definition, disinfection differs from sterilization by its lack of_______

A

sporicidal activity

71
Q

The most common physical method of disinfection is

A

pasteurization

72
Q

It involves the application of chemical solutions to contaminated surfaces or equipment

A

Chemical disinfection

73
Q

destroys all microorganisms on the surface of an article or in a fluid, which prevents transmission of pathogens associated with the use of that item.

A

Sterilization

74
Q

Physical methods include various forms of_______ .Chemical methods of sterilization include_______

A

heat (steam) and ionizing radiation, low-temperature sterilization technologies such as ethylene oxide (EtO) gas.

75
Q

It is the most common, most efficient, and easiest sterilization method.

A

Moist heat in the form of steam under pressure

76
Q

It (steam sterilization) is the application of steam under pressure. It is efficient, quick, cheap, clean, and reliable.

A

Autoclaving

77
Q

The combination most commonly used for autoclaving is psi at ° C

A

15, 121

78
Q

It is a modification of conventional steam sterilization in which the item is placed in an open tray or a specially designed container to allow for rapid penetration of steam.

A

Flash “steam sterilization”

79
Q

are needed for sterilizing temperature-sensitive and moisture-sensitive medical devices and equipment

A

Low-temperature (<60° C) sterilants

80
Q

Low-temperature sterilant technology includes

A

EtO, hydrochlorofluorocarbon, hydrogen peroxide gas plasma, and peracetic acid

81
Q

It is a colorless, toxic gas and potent sterilizing agent. Because it is active at ambient temperatures and is harmless to rubber and plastics,

A

EtO

82
Q

EtO must be removed from equipment after sterilization
via a process called_______ .______ is used to sterilize critical
(and sometimes semicritical) items that cannot be steam
sterilized

A

aeration, EtO

83
Q

It has an efficiency rate of 99.97%, and the use of ensheathed suction catheters, help reduce endotracheal tube contamination.

A

high-efficiency particulate air/aerosol (HEPA) filters

84
Q

It poses the most significant contamination risk, particularly in systems using
heated humidifiers

A

The external ventilator circuitry

85
Q

are a source for colonizing both the airways of intubated patients and the hands of medical personnel

A

Bag-mask devices

86
Q

_______suctioning increases the risk of infection. Proper

handwashing and gloving help minimize this risk.

A

Tracheal suctioning

87
Q

To minimize the risk of cross-contamination during suctioning with an open system, a_______ should be used on each patient.

A

fresh, sterile single-use catheter

88
Q

In-use_________ have a contamination rate of 33%

A

nondisposable oxygen humidifiers

89
Q

Three major issues are involved in using disposable

devices:

A

cost, quality, and reuse

90
Q

It is an ongoing process of monitoring patients and health care personnel for the acquisition of infection or colonization of pathogens, or both.

A

Surveillance

91
Q

What are the five key recommended components of an infection prevention
program

A

Surveillance, investigation, prevention, control, and

reporting

92
Q

It is a tool to provide HAI data on patients to provide outcome measurements either to ensure that there is no ongoing problem or to detect problems and intervene to prevent transmission of pathogens in the health care environment.

A

Surveillance

93
Q

It fulfills a central role in surveillance for HAIs and community-acquired
pathogens (e.g., influenza) that are important for the infection control practitioner

A

The hospital microbiology laboratory

94
Q

organisms in active growth. These organisms pose the greatest hazard for infection via respiratory therapy equipment because the most common equipment contaminants are not spore-forming bacteria

A

Vegetative organism

95
Q

organisms in a resting, resistant stage. These are very difficult to kill but pose little threat to infection via respiratory therapy equipment. Examples of
spore-forming bacteria are Clostridium and Bacillus.

A

Spores

96
Q

The killing of all vegetative forms of organisms but not spores. Agents that disinfect equipment are called disinfectants.

A

Disinfection

97
Q

The killing of all organisms, both vegetative and spores. An agent that sterilizes equipment is called a sterilant.

A

Sterilization

98
Q

It is used for differential staining of bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria stain a_______ ; gram-negative bacteria stain a______ color.

A

The Gram stain method, purple-black color. pink

99
Q

Three main classes of bacteria

A

Cocci: Sphere-shaped bacteria
Spirillum: Spiral-shaped bacteria
Bacilli: Rod-shaped bacteria

100
Q

Gram- negative bacteria causing pneumonia

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Legionella species, Serratia marcescens, Haemophilus influenzae

101
Q

are the bacteria most frequently encountered on respiratory equipment

A

Bacilli

Infection Prevention Control (1 decks)

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