infection

Question 1

Virulence factors

Answer 1

Molecules produced by bacteria that cause harm to tissues they re invading

Question 2

Pathogenic capacity

Answer 2

Ability of a pathogen to evade immune system effector mechanisms

Question 3

Bacteria that cause puss formation are called

Answer 3

Pyogenic bacteria

Question 4

Disease mechanism extra cell bacteria

Answer 4

Pyogenic forming puss postulates and cause harm through release of endo and exotoxins (lps can cause septic shock)

Question 5

Adaptive immune response for extra cell bacteria

Answer 5

Th2 and Th17 (th17 is mainly involved in granulocyte recruitment

Question 6

Harmful effects of extra cell bacteria infection

Answer 6

Inflammation, Tissue damage, and long term effects from the ab response

Question 7

Examples of long-term ab response complications caused by extra cell bacteria

Answer 7

Rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis

Question 8

Methods of resistance to IS in extra cell bacteria

Answer 8

Resistance of phagocytosis, resistance to antibodies,

Question 9

what causes tuberculoid leprosy and Lepromatous leprosy

Answer 9

intracellular pathogen, mycobacterium leprae

Question 10

Main cytokine in septic shock

Answer 10

TNF

Question 11

Main defense of innate immune system against intracellular pathogens

Answer 11

Cellular immunity (usually disease cause by an extended cellular response )

Question 12

what’s the main cause of disease in and intracellular infection, what’s the problem

Answer 12

Extended immune response, as they are intracellular pathogens the innate immune system cant fully clear the infection on their own

Question 13

Type of of infections and they’re adaptive response cause by mycobacterium leprae

Answer 13

Tuberculoid leprosy Th1 response with cellular immunity which is less destructive and less infectious. Lepromatous leprosy which is cause by a Th2 immune response exhibiting a high Ig titer and destructive and infectious effects

Question 14

harmful effects of intracell infections

Answer 14

Granuloma formations, and autoimmune diseases like reactive arthritis

Question 15

5 mechanisms of evasion in intracellular bacteria

Answer 15

Phagolysosome formation, Phagosome membrane disruption, neutralization of ROS and NS, Inhibition of antigen presentation and the induction or inhibition of apoptosis

Question 16

Viral disease mechanisms

Answer 16

Can cause cell death by disruption of ell protein production, also through lytic viral cycles, or can remain as a latent viral infection by producing viral proteins that interfere with cell normal function but don’t cause cell death

Question 17

what cytopathic effect can virus cause

Answer 17

The can cause cell lysis through interference of normal cell protein production and also through lytic cell pathways

Question 18

pgUL40

Answer 18

Mechanism of avoidance of death of host cells, pgUL40 mimics HLA-E, an HLA molecule on cell surfaces that tells NK cells to not kill them, lack of these receptors usually occurs from intracellular infection so

Question 19

pgUL40

Answer 19

Mechanism of avoidance of death of host cells, pgUL40 mimics HLA-E, an HLA molecule on cell surfaces that tells NK cells to not kill them, lack of these receptors usually occurs from intracellular infection so NK cells use that as a signal to trigger apoptosis in said cells (through KIR and KAR receptors). Conclusion, virus’s avoid being spotted by presenting pgUL40 on their host cells surface

Question 20

US evasion mechanism (and types and what they do)

Answer 20

Cytomegalovirus’s mechanism to avoid antigen presentation, can inhibit antigenic processing in different steps US6 inhibit TAP transporter US3 inhibits exit for HLA,

Question 21

evasion effect of cytomegalovirus

Answer 21

Inhibits HLA antigen presentation

Question 22

other viral evasion mechanisms (just try and think of some)

Answer 22

Infecting immune cells, cytokine modulation, etc.