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final two 133 quizzes! > infant, toddler, preschooler > Flashcards

infant, toddler, preschooler Flashcards

1
Q

how much does weight and length change during infancy (1 month to 12 months)

A

birth weight triples, length increases by 50%

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2
Q

why is teaching normal milestones important?

A

so parents can know what to expect! (roll over, oral stage, baby proof house!)

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3
Q

do all babies follow the same growth and development?

A

yes..first learn to small, babble, hold their heads up, then progress to rolling over, sitting up, crawling etc. in same sequence.
there are rare exceptions

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4
Q

why is it important for you to know the developmental milestones?

A

so you can recognize something that is not normal and take appropriate action. also help parents make realistic goals for their children (anticipatory guidance)

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5
Q

what does growth of the infant refer to?

A

physical size increase; weight, height, head circumference

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6
Q

weight gain weekly until 5-6 months?

A

150-200grams weekly

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7
Q

when does baby double birth weight?

A

at 4-6 months

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8
Q

average weight per lb/ per month for first 6 months, second 6 months

A

first 6 months= 2lb a month

second 5 months= 1 lb a month

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9
Q

average 1 year old male weight

A

10 kg/ 22 lb

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10
Q

average 1 year old female weight

A

9.5kg/ 21 lb

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11
Q

height increase in first 6 months

A

2.5cm a month, increases by 50%

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12
Q

average height at birth and 1 year

A

20 inches at birth, 30 inches at 1 year (50.5-76.2cm)

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13
Q

what grows first in infancy

A

trunk first, then legs

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14
Q

how much does the head increase in the first year?

A

33%, fontanelles close

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15
Q

head to tail pattern?

A

turns then lifts head first, to trunk, roll over, creeping, crawling to sitting and walking (cephalocaudal and proximodistal)
reflexes disappear

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16
Q

head growth per month up to 6 months

A

1.5cm per month

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17
Q

head growth in second 6 months

A

0.5cm, average is 45 cm at 1 year

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18
Q

by end of first year how close is head to adult size

A

2/3 the adult size

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19
Q

when does the posterior fontanelle close

A

6-8 weeks

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20
Q

when does the anterior fontanelle close

A

12-18 months

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21
Q

what happens to madible/lower jaw by 1st year

A

becomes more prominent

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22
Q

when does chest circumference become even with head

A

about 1 year old

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23
Q

when does the abdomen protrude until

A

until walking and abdominal muscle movement (2-4 years)

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24
Q

heart rate during infancy?

A

slows to 100-120

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25
Q

resp rate during infancy?

A

decreases to 20-30

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26
Q

BP during infancy?

A

increases slightly 100/60

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27
Q

infant may become anemic, when will it resolve by

A

5-6 months when adult HgB develops (add iron rich cereal to diet at 4 months)

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28
Q

are the liver and kidneys mature during infancy

A

no still immature, digestion and enzymes immature

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29
Q

when can baby shiver by

A

6 months

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30
Q

is an infant susceptible to dehydration

A

yes, still has 40% ECF compared to 20% in adults

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31
Q

when do lower incisor teeth come in

A

6-10 months

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32
Q

upper incisors?

A

8-12 months

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33
Q

lateral upper teeth?

A

9-13 months

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34
Q

lateral lower teeth

A

10-16 months

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35
Q

what does development of the infant refer to

A

refers to increase in skill or ability to function (qualitative)

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36
Q

when is baby cruising by?

A

11 months

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37
Q

when can baby transfer toy from hand to hand

A

7 months

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38
Q

when does baby have advanced hand-eye coordination

A

8 months

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39
Q

when does baby have pincer grasp

A

10 months

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40
Q

when can baby offer and release toys

A

12 months

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41
Q

grasp reflex-fisted at first to thumb opposition?

A

4 months

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42
Q

what language does infant use?

A

different cries

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43
Q

babbles and coos?

A

1 month

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44
Q

happy sounds

A

3 months

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45
Q

more purposeful sounds

A

5 months

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46
Q

imitate sounds, da-da

A

9 months

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47
Q

words with meaning

A

2-4 years old

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48
Q

when does baby have a social smile

A

1 month

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49
Q

when does baby laugh

A

3 months

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50
Q

when does stranger anxiety begin

A

8-9 months

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51
Q

when does baby turn their head to sound

A

3 months

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52
Q

when can baby play peek-a-boo and clap hands

A

10 months

53
Q

eriksons theory and infancy

A

trust vs. mistrust

  • needs are consistently met=safe world
  • needs are not met= fearful & distrustful
54
Q

piagets theory and infancy

A

cognitive development

  • sensorimotor stage
  • infants relate to world with senses and reflex behaviour
  • self is separate entity (separation anxiety)
  • permanence of objects, cause and reaction
55
Q

what is primary circular reaction

A

by 3 months baby begins object exploration phase with hands and mouth, accidental reaction

56
Q

what is secondary circular reaction

A

by 6 months baby is able to reach for objects and cause a purposeful reaction. 10 months understand object permanence, peak-a-boo
12 months love to throw things

57
Q

kohlbergs theory and infancy

A

prereligious, little concept of any motivating force beyond that of their parents
-reinforce good behaviour

58
Q

freuds theory and infancy

A

oral stage, interested in oral stimulation, relief of tension and nourishment

59
Q

attachment and infancy?

A

dont make assumptions on attachment.

-at 6 months will show a preference in parents

60
Q

how is play until 3 months

A

undifferentiated from birth until 3 months

61
Q

how is play from 3-6 months

A

rattle, stuffy, caregiver

62
Q

play from 6 months to 1 year?

A

more active and verbal, no strangers, want parents attention

63
Q

when do babies ascribe meaning to words

A

around 10-11 months

64
Q

temperament during infancy?

A

depends on parents perceptions and expectations of infant/child

65
Q

thumb-sucking and infancy?

A

try not to make a big deal out of it, in school age try a pacifier

66
Q

how much head banging is normal

A

less than 15 minutes

67
Q

sleep concerns and infancy

A

very individual and normal unless day and nights get mixed up

68
Q

colic babies?

A

cramping, abdominal pain. drawing legs up. endless crying- usually infants less than 1 year. exhausting!

69
Q

diaper dermatitis

A

very common! change frequently, mind detergents

70
Q

milaria

A

heat rash, bath and dry infant well, baking soda in bath, reduce clothing

71
Q

obesity is more common in which babies

A

bottle fed

72
Q

sleep from 1-6 months

A

individual, around 16 hours, 3-4 hour intervals, 3 naps

73
Q

sleep from 6months-1 year

A

14 hours, 2 naps`

74
Q

development of senses in infancy

A

binocular vision, hand regard

  • 4 months recognize familiar objects
  • 6 months tracking and deep perception
  • 10 months object permanence
75
Q

when can baby recognize name, hone to sound

A

hone to sound at 4 months
recognize name at 10 months
turn head to sound at 3 months

76
Q

when can baby start to smell

A

1-2 hours after birth

77
Q

aspiration prevention in infancy

A

No powder in baby’s face, no bottle propping, recommend parents take CPR training (choking baby); remember button battery!! Clean floors, lock up medications, lock doors & cupboards, food in bite size (no popcorn or peanuts), small parts toys, balloons etc. Burns – smoke detectors, don’t microwave formula, EBM, foods, check bath water temp, keep coffee/tea etc. away from infant, cigarette ashes, sunburn, hot car in summer, fireplace guards, table clothes out of reach.

78
Q

when is baby ready for adult bathtub

A

when they can sit up on their own and develop good back support- never alone!

79
Q

what is shaken baby syndrome

A

caused by violent shaking of the baby, often due to prolonged crying and frustrated caregiver; large head & shearing forces cause injury (neurological damage); often see no external signs but may present with vomiting, poor feeding, irritability or listlessness; more severe are seizures, LOC, apnea etc.

80
Q

sudden infant death syndrome?

A

younger than 1 year, unexplained, peak age 2-3m. “Back to sleep”, non-smoking environment & breast feeding help prevent.

81
Q

positional plagiocephaly?

A

asymmetrical head – increased incident since the “back to sleep” campaign.

82
Q

failure to thrive syndrome?

A

infant falls below 5th percentile for height and weight – organic or inorganic causes

83
Q

who is the expert when dealing with parents and infant?

A

the parents! educate non-judgementally

84
Q

order or assessment with infant

A

least invasive to most invasive

85
Q

weight gain during toddler

A

slows to 1.8-2.7 kg/year

86
Q

height during toddler

A

slows to 7.5cm a year, stretch out and lose “baby fat”

87
Q

head growth during toddler

A

grows 2.5 cm a year, by 2 years chest circumference is greater than head. chest and head is equal in about 6 months to a year

88
Q

body proportions during toddler?

A

abdomen still protrudes

89
Q

sensory changes during toddler?

A

explore world through all senses

-taste preferences developed

90
Q

how many teeth during toddler?

A

20 deciduous teeth by 30-36 months

91
Q

completed myelination of spinal cords?

A

18 to 24 months

92
Q

brain develops during toddler to about what of its adult size?

A

90% of adult size

93
Q

heart rate during toddler

A

80-120

94
Q

resp rate during toddler

A

still slow around 20-30, but still abdominally

95
Q

walking development in toddler

A

walks 12-13 months, creeps up stairs at 15 months

  • one stair at a time at 18 months
  • run/jump, stand on one foot 30 months
96
Q

when can toddler usually spoon feed themselves

A

18 months

97
Q

eriksons stage during toddler?

A

autonomy vs shame and doubtdevelop a sense of independence but safety without over protection; begin to see self as separate from parent, able to tolerate being separated from parent, able to delay gratification, and do not always have to do as they are told! Doing things independently “I do it”! “NO!” Control over bodily functions. Negativism, ritualism, mood swings, temper tantrums, regression.

98
Q

when does imitation begin

A

19-24 months, look for an object, remember it, imitate it

99
Q

end of toddlerhood begins which thoughts?

A

preoperational thought and assimilation

  • beginning of problem solving
  • rational judgement, intellectual reasoning
100
Q

spirituality during toddler

A

parallels cognitive development, family and environment influences childs perception of world in all aspects

101
Q

when can toddler recognize self in mirror, recognize gender

A

mirror- 2 years

gender- 3 years

102
Q

when does parallel play happen

A

18 months to 24 months, playing side by side

103
Q

what is the biggest task for the toddler usually?

A

toilet training! usually around 18 months to 24 months when anal sphincters are under control

104
Q

temper tantrums?

A

very challenging to deal with for any parent! Is child getting enough attention? Are they not getting their need met due to inability to express it? 18m can tolerate a time out. Best to be consistent in how one handles the tantrum. Best to ignore behaviour as long as they are in no danger or harm to self (walk away works as kids don’t like being left alone) and reinforce better behaviour positively. Best to try to avoid triggering behaviours (i.e. don’t go shopping when your kid is hungry, tired, frustrated etc.). Ensure not seizure activity.

105
Q

negativism?

A

“NO” period.All about gaining independence and autonomy! This is normal behaviour. They are not being “bad”, just exercising their independence and autonomy, boundaries. They really don’t have the cognitive capacity to do this on purpose. Give simple choices of which you can live with either answer.

106
Q

regression?

A

usually brought on by stress, normal,

107
Q

seperation anxiety?

A

try to have consistent caregivers or favoured caregiver (Granny?!). Give a bit of warning before leaving and what child can expect. Best not to sneak out as may cause increased fear and abandonment issues.

108
Q

nutrition and toddlers?

A
  • 12-18m growth rate slows & so does appetite but still need protein for muscle growth & high activity level
    Ritualistic behaviour – use same cup, plate etc. one food touches another – yikes!
    Encourage independence building by letting child feed self rather than parent, also may help with appetite and amount eaten (gaining sense of independence). Difficult for toddlers to sit still for a whole meal. Kids may like same food again and again, go with it! Offer finger foods. Eat about the same foods as family by 12 months, just cut smaller or mashed? Look at food consumption over 24 hours or even a week rather than meal to meal and generally should be OK for food groups! Appetite will vary as will food preferences. Avoid using food as a reward or to pacify a child. Beware of choking foods! Grazing is a good way to ensure proper nutrition.
109
Q

activity and sleep and toddles?

A

very active but concerns re: too much screen time leading to obesity! Get outdoors and off the couch! Sleep 12 hours a day, 1-2 naps and often by end of toddlerhood don’t nap. Sleep problems common, getting settled to bed and fears (separation, monsters (transitional objects help, routines, etc. help), and waking up during the night. Safe sleeping environment, bed for sleep and not play time. Avoid all this by establishing a consistent sleep routine early.

110
Q

when can eyes be tested?

A

aged 2 to 2.5 or when they can ID object .on eye chart

111
Q

when can hearing be tested

A

at 18 months

112
Q

approaches to the toddler

A

similar to infant- engage parent

  • allow child to touch equipment
  • praise positive behaviour
  • distraction, playful
  • limit choice to two * no yes or no questions1
113
Q

vital signs of preschooler

A

HR 60-110 average 85
RR 18-25
BP 96/57 -+ 10

114
Q

when does right or left handedness develop

A

5 years old

115
Q

height per year during preschooler

A

7-7.5cm per year

116
Q

what stage of fowlers are toddlers in

A

initiative-projective

117
Q

how much screen time should kiddies have

A

less than an hour a day

118
Q

4 words one sentence=

A

1 year

119
Q

300 words, multiword sentence=

A

2 year

120
Q

best approach to regression

A

ignore it and praise existing patterns of appropriate behaviour

121
Q

when can autism be diagnosed

A

18 months or 2 years

122
Q

are sleep problems common in toddlers?

A

yes! due to fears and separation

- may be scared of monsters

123
Q

should food be used as a reward?

A

no! encourages over eating and obesity

124
Q

serving size for toddlers?

A

15ml of solid food per year of age or 25% of adult portion

125
Q

vitamin D in food

A

fish, fish oils, egg yolks prevents rickets

126
Q

how much fruit and veggies a day in todders

A

4 servings

127
Q

leading cause of 1-4 year old deaths

A

drownings then: burns, vehicle accident, threats to breathing

128
Q

when should booster seats be used

A

18-36 kg (recommend until 8 years old)

final two 133 quizzes! (2 decks)

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