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MCQ exam > infant feeding > Flashcards

infant feeding Flashcards

1
Q

how long does WHO recommend you breastfeed for

A

exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life then continued alongside solid foods for the first 2 years+

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2
Q

when should solid foods to added to an infants diet

A

from 6 months+

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3
Q

what is colostrum

A

the first initial breastmilk. It is rich in antibodies and white blood cells

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4
Q

how long does the transition from colostrum to mature milk take

A

3-14 days

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5
Q

how long does it take for the mother to produce the full volume of milk

A

by 2-4 weeks

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6
Q

how does breastmilk adjust to the baby

A

all nutrients are specific to the babies needs.

  • fat and protein levels adjust as baby grows
  • flavour of milk also varies due to maternal diet
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7
Q

how are breastmilk substitutes produced

A

made from cows milk and modified by:

  • reducing fat/protein levels
  • adding sugers/oils/minerals/vitamins
  • bovine proteins added
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8
Q

what are the cons of breastmilk substitutes

A
  • eventhough it has the main nutrients in the correct proportions, its not the same as breastmilk
  • bovine proteins inside can cause chronic inflammation in infants bowel
  • no living components and no variety in flavour
  • not environmentally friendly
  • not sterile in powder format
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9
Q

what are the benefits of breast feeding

A
  • good for infants nutrition and health
  • optimises microbiome
  • benefits maternal mental health
  • helps develop infant drain development and IQ
  • environmentally friendly and sustainable
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10
Q

what do artificially fed babies have an increased risk of

A
  • GI infections
  • respiratory infections
  • ear infections
  • UTI’S
  • necrotising enterocolitis & late onset sepsis
  • type 1 and 2 diabetes
  • obesity
  • sudden infant death
  • dental malocclusions
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11
Q

what can affect an infants microbiome

A
  • maternal stress
  • air pollution
  • cesarean/ natural delivery
  • formula/ breastfeeding
  • heavy metals and food additives
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12
Q

how does breastfeeding help infant brain development

A
  • breastmilk provides optimal nutrition for brain growth
  • act of being held close with skin to skin contact raises infant oxytocin which stimulates neural connections & growth which helps brain development
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13
Q

how does breastfeeding benefit the mother

A
  • prevents breast cancer
  • improves birth spacing
  • reduces risks of diabetes and ovarian cancer
  • protective against post-natal depression
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14
Q

what are some of the rules around marketing breastfeeding substitutes

A
  • no advertising substitutes to parents of babies up to 1 year
  • no free samples of infant formula
  • no promotion through healthcare facilities (e.g no posters)
  • no implication that formula is better than breastfeeding
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15
Q

name some neonatal reflexes

A
  • rooting (touch the babies mouth and it’ll open its mouth)
  • sucking
  • swallowing
  • cough and gag
  • tongue protrusion
  • different head movements e.g lifting, bobbing
  • arm cycling
  • placing reflex
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16
Q

what is the role of the glandular tissue in breasts

A
  • produce milk. cells arranged in clusters (alveoli) and they have ducts which transfer milk to the nipple
17
Q

what are the 3 stages of lactation

A
  • lactogenesis 1 : development of breasts during pregnancy and secretion of colostrum after birth
  • lactogenesis 2 : copious milk production (36-96 hrs after birth). transition to mature milk begins
  • lactogenesis 3 : transition from mature milk to maintenance milk
18
Q

what is the role of prolactin in breastfeeding

A

baby suckling stimulates prolactin which stimulates lactocytes to produce more milk

19
Q

what is the role of oxytocin in breastfeeding

A

oxytocin released due to baby suckling, helps effective milk transfer by propeling milk from the alveoli to the nipple

20
Q

how can a women aid breastmilk production

A
  • by expressing her milk and emptying her breasts.

frequent and effective sucking empites the breast milk which causes more mil to be produced. So emptying breasts helps to maintain milk production

21
Q

what is baby- led weaning

A

introducing solid food when the baby can sit up, co-ordinate food to mouth, chew and swallow

22
Q

what is the advice about giving infants probiotics/prebiotics

A

not enough evidence to recommend them for feeds

23
Q

do feeding bottles have to meet a standard

A

yes, feeding bottles must meet UK standard

24
Q

what OTC medication can be used to treat morning sickness

A

none. There is no OTC medication suitable to treat morning sickness

25
Q

what advice can you give a pregnant women experiencing nausea

A
  • eat small frequent meals to maintain blood sugar levels. Don’t wait until your stomach feels empty
  • for nausea in the morning, keep sweets/buiscuits by bedside and eat one or two before getting up
  • eat a diet high in carbs and proteins and low in fat
  • avoid spicy foof
  • drink plenty of water and fruit juice. avoid tea/coffee and alcohol
  • rest
26
Q

what do you commonly use to treat gastro-oesophageal reflux in pregnancy

A
  • give Gaviscon

- avoid high sodium content antacids

27
Q

what pain killer should you recommend for headache and backache in pregnancy

A

paracetamol - 2 x 500mg tablets QDS

28
Q

what painkillers SHOULDN’T you recommend in pregnancy

A

Do NOT recommend aspirin or ibuprofen

29
Q

what OTC medication can you recommend for constipation in pregnancy

A
  • a bulk-forming laxative e.g ispaghula husk (fybogel)

- lactulose

30
Q

what type of laxative should you NOT use in pregnancy

A

stimulant laxatives (e.g bisacodyl or senna)

31
Q

what lifestyle advice can be giving to help relieve constipation in pregnant women

A
  • increase fibre in diet

- increase fluid intake

32
Q

which haemorrhoid treatment should you recommend

A

a bland hemorrhoidal cream/ointment. eg:

  • anusol
  • preparation H
33
Q

what treatment can you recommend to treat thrush (candidiasis) in pregnant women

A

none. thrush products are NOT licensed for use in pregnancy. Must refer to doctor

34
Q

what can pharmacist recommend for varicose veins, oedema and cramps

A
  • support hosiery for varicose veins
  • rest with legs elevated for oedema
  • massage/ stretching for muscle cramps
35
Q

what can you recommend for pruritus gravidarum (itching) in pregnant women

A
  • aqueous cream
  • calamine cream
    BUT MUST REFER TO MIDWIFE AS POTENTIALLY SERIOUS
36
Q

what must you do if a pregnant women presents with pruritus gravidarum (itching)

A

can provide OTC treatment for itching but must also refer to midwife

37
Q

what licensed treatment is available for stretch marks and hyperpigmentation

A

nothing is licensed in the UK for this. Massaging skin may help to relieve symptoms

38
Q

what can you recommend for coughs and colds in pregnancy

A
  • simple linctus or sucking non-medicated pastilles

- steam inhalations

39
Q

what cough and cold treatment should you avoid in pregnancy

A

should avoid systemic sympathomimetic decongestants

MCQ exam (6 decks)

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