Infant and Child Nutrition Flashcards
Infants have innate
_____ of their caloric needs
self- regulation
Newborns lose ____% of their birth weight in 1st week (day 3 avg)
7-10
If infants not gaining their weight back, assess
o Feeding
o Urine output
o Stool output
o Signs of any other issues
T/F Preterm infant or malnourished pt needs more calories
T
need 120 kcal/kg/day
Basal expenditures in newborns vs. adults
Adult brain 2% of body
weight- uses 19% of energy
Infant brain- 10% of body
weight, 44% of energy
Gain back to birth weight should happen by week ____
2-3
Weight gain velocity, formula vs. breastfed:
0-3 months: Breastfed > Formula fed
6-12 months: Formula fed > Breastfed
Possible that visual acuity and possibly psychomotor development of formula-fed preterm infants is improved in formulas supplemented with _____
DHA (22:6ω3) and ARA (20:4ω6)
*Recommend to continue prenatal vitamin with DHA
Caloric needs formula ages 1-4
1000 kcal/day + 100 kcal/years old
Fat nutrition
o 9 kcal/g
o 50% of the caloric content in human milk
o Needed for absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and
development of CNS/brain
o Low energy cost to store
Protein nutrition
o 4 kcal/g
o Need protein! Infancy is high growth phase
o Source: food- amino acids
o No major stores
The protein content of human milk
decreases with time:
1.4–1.6 g/100 mL (early lactation)
0.8–1.0 g/100 mL (3–4 months)
0.7–0.8 g/100 mL (6 months)
Carbohydrate nutrition
o 4 kcal/g
o 40% of caloric content in breastmilk- as lactose
A note about lactase deficiency
o Lactase hydrolyzes lactose to glucose and galactose
o Levels highest in infants, decrease with age
Carbohydrate nutrition after age 2:
o 50%–60% of calories from carbs
o Complex carbs
o Limit sugar: <25 g added sugar
Iron supplementation in infants
- Term baby supplies decrease around 4 mos.
- Breastmilk lacks
- Exclusive breastfed babies 4+ mos
- 1 mg/kg per day of oral iron
Vit D supplementation in infants
- Lack of maternal stores, sunscreen
- 400 IU per day
- Exclusively breastfed
Fluoride Supplementation
- Lack of maternal stores, sunscreen
- 400 IU per day
- Exclusively breastfed
Standard American Diet
o Standard American Diet
o Heavy in processed, sugared foods
o Increases insulin resistance
____ of sugar = 1 teaspoon
4 grams
Parents’ feeding jobs:
Choose and prepare the food.
Provide regular meals and snacks.
Make eating times pleasant.
Step-by-step, show children by example how
to behave at family mealtime.
Be considerate of children’s lack of food
experience without catering to likes and dislikes.
Not let children have food or beverages
(except for water) between meal and snack
times.
Let children grow up to get bodies that are
right for them.
Children’s eating jobs:
Children will eat.
They will eat the amount
they need.
They will learn to eat the
food their parents eat.
They will grow predictably.
They will learn to behave
well at mealtime.
Breast milk is generally made up of:
*87% water
*7% lactose
*4% fat
*1% protein
Breastfeeding Recommendations
0-6 months: Exclusive breastfeeding
6+ months: Introduce solids (complementary foods), Continue breastfeeding
12+ months: Continue breastfeeding as long as desired, Expand solid food choices
If a woman is meeting many obstacles and breastfeeding begins to
be a roadblock to mental or physical health:
o Better to have a happy mom and fed baby
o Not all or nothing- something is better than nothing
Breastfeeding basics- Timing
o Goal: Breastfeeding every 2-3 hours on demand, approx. 30-45 min
o Alternate starting breast
o As baby grows and schedule establishes, breastfeed Q 3 hrs
o Best not to watch the clock for how long to feed- watch the baby
and breast emptying
o Pushing away from breast, turning head, breast emptied, unlatches
