Infant and child exam 2 Flashcards
Myelination
- coats neural fibers
- improves efficiency of message transfer
Lateralization
- specialization of features of right and left hemisphere
- Adaptive brain
- left and right hemisphere work together but each have their own functions
Left hemisphere
- sensory information and controls right side of body
- verbal abilities
- positive emotions
- sequential, analytical processing
Brain plasticity
- capacity of CNS to change its structure and functions in reaction to environment
- more plasticity in infants and young children
Changes in sleep patterns
- sleep declines from 18 to 12 hours a day by age 2
- move into more adult like sleep patterns in first year
- affected by brain development, social environment, and cultural values
- night wakings increase 1.5-2 years then decline
Heredity and early physical growth
Height, weight, rate of physical growth determined by heredity
Reasons to breastfeed
- correct fat (^) and protein (v) balance
- nutritionally complete
- disease protection
- better jaw and tooth development
- ensures digestibility
- Easier transition to solid food
Right hemisphere
- sensory information and control of left side of body
- spatial abilities
- negative emotions
- holistic, integrative processing
Reasons women don’t breastfeed
- physically can’t (don’t produce milk)
- work full-time (don’t want to pump)
- societal pressure
- don’t know how
chubby babies and later weight issues
- relationship between rapid weight gain in infancy and later obesity
What to do?
- breastfeed for 6 months
- avoid sugary food, salt and saturated fats
- promote physical exercise
- limit TV time
4 types of Malnutrition
- Marasmus
- Kwashiorkor
- Iron-deficiency Anemia
- Food insecurity
Marasmus
- diet low in essential nutrients (wasted)
-
Kwashirkor
- unbalanced diet very low in protein (enlarged belly, swollen feet, hair loss, irritable)
- 1-3 years
- loss of brain weight
- poor motor development
Iron-deficiency Anemia
- low iron level caused by insufficient dietary intake
- any age
- learning and attention problems
Food Insecurity
- uncertain access to enough food
- any age
- passivity, irritability, anxiety
Classical Conditioning
- infant reflexes allow classical conditioning possible
- Neutral stimulus
- pair w/ stimulus that triggers a reflex, allowing new stimulus to produce behavior
- USC > UCR
Operant Coniditoning
Reinforcements:
- +/-
- increase probability of behavior occurring again
Punishments:
- +/-
- decreases probability of behavior occurring again
Habituation
gradual reduction of a response due to repetitive stimulation
Recovery
a change in the environment causes responsiveness to return to a high level
Imitation
- copying behavior of another
- newborns have the ability to imitate
- does not decline with age
- biological explanations: mirror neurons
Gross Motor Development
- control over actions that help infants move
- crawling, standing, walking
Fine Motor Development
- smaller movements
- reaching and grasping
Gross Motor Development
- larger movements
- walking
Piaget: Stages of Cog. Development
- Sensorimotor (birth-2)
- Preoperational (2-7)
- Concrete Operational (7-12)
- Formal Operational ( 12 and older)
Sensorimotor
- Birth - 2 years
- child cannot think without preforming movement (to think is to move)
- child thinks with eyes, eats, hands, etc.
- active participant with their learning
Adaptation
- building schemes through direct interaction with environment
- assimilation
- accommodation
- equilibrium and disequilibrium
Assimilation
(Adaptation)
- using current schemes to interpret external world
Accomidation
(adaption)
- adjusting old schemes and creating new ones to better fit environment
Equilibrium and Disequilibrium
( adaptation)
- use assimilation during equilibrium
- use accommodation during disequilibrium
Organization
internal rearranging and links schemes create interconnected system
Sensorimotor Stages
- Circular reactions
- Intentional behavior
- Mental representations
Circular reactions
(sensorimotor stages)
- repeating chance behavior
Primary CR: repeating behavior motivated by needs
Secondary CR: repeat interesting events in environment
Intentional Behavior
(sensorimotor stage)
- goal directed behaviors (brings out desired result)
Object Permanence
Object Permanence
- objects skill exist when out of sight
A-not-B Error: continuing to reach for object where they first saw it hiddent
Mental Representation
(sensorimotor stage)
-internal, mental depictions of objects, people, events that mind can manipulate
images: mental pictures of objects
concepts: categories of similar objects
Zone of Proximal Development
- range of tasks child cannot do alone (too difficult) but can learn with help of more skilled partners
- learning is most rapid
- task is beyond the grasps but not so hard that it’s overwhelming
Mental Tests
- measure cognitive products reflecting mental development
- Aim: predict future performance
- Most emphasized: perception/motor responses
Bayley Scales of Infant Development
1 month - 42 months (3.5 years)
3 subtests:
- cognitive (attention, play)
- language (comprehension and production)
- motor (gross and fine)
HOME
Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment
Factors measured:
- parent: encouragement, involvement, affection, stimulation
- environment: organized, appropriate learning materials, variety of experiences
-predicts early infant IQ
Infant and Child Care
- 20-25% of centers offer positive, stimulating environment
- Low SES: inadequate
- Mid SES: WORST childcare
- physical size
- group size
- caregiver-child ratio
- caregiver qualifications
- relationships with parents
- licensing and accreditation
Early Head Start
- offered to low SES
- 2-5 years
- started in 1965
- 18,000 sites serving > 1 million
- childcare, education, nutrition, health care
Lead to:
- warm, affectionate parenting
- increase cog and language development
3 Theories of language development
- Nativist
- Interactionist
- Behaviorist
Behaviorist
- Language learned through: operant conditioning (reinforcement)
imitation
Nativist
- language acquistion device (LAD)
- -innate system that contains universal grammar - rules common to all language
Biological Primed:
- language areas in brain
- sensitive period
Interactionist
- Language aquired; interaction between inner capacities and environment
Two Interaction theories:
- applies info processing perspective
- emphasized social interaction
Language Development
- first speech sounds
cooing and babbling
- gaze (3/4m)
- give and take (4-6m)
- joint attention (8-12m)
- preverbal gesture (11/12m)Starting to talk
- first words: 12 m
(people, objects, food, animals, “uh oh”)
Underextension
apply words too narrowly
Overextenstion
- common
- apply to wider collection of objects
Differences in Language Development
- gender
- temperment
- environmental
– SES
– child directed speech - language style
- ## expressive
Supporting early language learning in infants
- respon to coos and babbles
- establish joint attention
- use child-directed speech
- play social games
Supporting early language learning in toddlers
play, talk, read
Two word utterances
- steady, continuous increase in rate of word learning through preschool years
telegraphic speech: eliminated extra words ( no go, want milk)
Psychosocial stages during infancy and toddlerhood
First year:
- basic trust vs. mistrust
Second year:
- autonomy vs. shame/doubt
Basic trust vs Mistrust
- faith in environment and future events (favorable outcome)
- suspicion: fear of events (unfavorable outcomes)
-need from caregivers: responsiveness
Autonomy vs shame/doubt
- sense of self control and adequacy (favorable)
- feeling of shame and self doubt (unfavorable)
-Need from caregiver: suitable guidance and responsible choice
Basic Emotion
- happy, angry, disgust, surprise, interest
- universal and promote survival
Happiness
- smile: birth (physiological)
- laugh: 3-4 m
- several smiles: 10-12 m
anger and sadness
- general distress from birth
- anger: 4-6 m
- sadness: less common that anger ( happens in deprived infants)
fear
- first fears: second half of 1st year
stranger anxiety: 8-12 m
emotional self regulation
-strategies used to adjust our emotional state to comfortable level
- requires effortful control
- grows over 1st year
Temperment: Thomas and Chess
- NY longitudinal study
- structure of temperment:
- easy (40%)
- difficult ( 10%)
- STWU ( 15%)
- unclassified ( 35%)
Ethological theory of attachment
- bowlby
- infants emotional tie to caregiver promotes survival
preattachment (b-6w)
attachment in making (6w-8m)
clear cut attachment (8m-24m)
reciprocal relationship (24+m)
strange situation
- 8 episodes
- most interested in separations and reunions
measuring security of attachment
- secure attachment: B baby )65%)
- avoidant attachment: A baby (20%)
- resistent attachment: C baby (10%)
- disorganized/disoriented attachment: D baby (15%)
avoidant attachment
- A baby
- seem unresponsive to parent and are slow to greet the parent upon return
secure attachment
- B baby
- use the parents as a secure base
- actively seek contact with the parent when he/she returns
resistent attachment
- C baby
- seek closeness to the parent and are distressed
- angry when parent returns
disorganized/disoriented
- D baby
- pattern reflects greatest insecurity
- at reunion, these infants show confused, contradictory behaviors
multiple attachment
- fathers
- siblings
- grandparents
- other caregiver
body growth in first 2 years
Height:
- 50% by age 1
- 75% by age 2
Weight:
- 6m: doubled (15lb)
- 12m: tripled (22lb)
- 24 m: quadrupled (30lb)
Cephalocaudal
Head to tail
- growth is from head to lower part of body
- infants gain control of their head, then neck, shoulders, chest, back, hips, legs, and feet
Proximodistal
Near to far
-growth: head, chest and trunk > arms/legs > hands/feet
Skeletal Age
- best estimate of physical maturity
- measure of bone development
- establish skeletal age by x-ray of bones and checking for number of epiphyses and fusion
Epiphyses
- growth centers at end of long bones
- thin and disappear when no more growth
- cartilage produced at growth plates of epiphyses throughout childhood
Growth of skull
Fontanels:
- bones of skull separated by gaps
Sutures (seams): skull bones come in contact with on another
Appearance of Teeth
- 4-6 months
- 20 teeth by 2
- genetic
- all teeth are present at birth (permanent and primary)
Brain development
- Development of neurons
- neurotransmitters
- synaptic pruning
- mylination
Neurons
- 100-200 million
- store and transmit info
synapses:
- tiny gaps where fibers from different neurons close together but don’t touch
Neurotransmitters
neurons send messages to one another by releasing these chemicals
synaptic pruning
- returns neurons to uncommitted state to be used in future development
