Infancy Lecture

Question 1

Define neonatal

Answer 1

First four weeks

Question 2

Define infancy

Answer 2

first year

Question 3

Define early childhood

Answer 3

first through four years

Question 4

Define late childhood

Answer 4

four through fourteen

Question 5

Causes of death for under 1 year?

Answer 5

SIDS
Maternal complications
Respiratory
Accidents
Bacteria
Hypoxia
Deformations

Question 6

What causes diseases in infant and children?

Answer 6

Consequence of the immaturity of an organ or system
Related to the unique susceptibility of the fetus or infant to external or environmental factors
Due to a particular genetic or inherited defects
Tumor and tumor-like conditions

Question 7

Define intrauterine growth retardation

Answer 7

Small for gestational age

Question 8

Fetal factors of IUGR?

Answer 8

Chromosomal disorders
Congenital anomalies
Congenital infections

Question 9

Placenta factors of IUGR?

Answer 9

Abruptio placentae (late pregnancy bleeding)
Placenta previa (vaginal bleeding)
Placental thrombosis
Placental infection
Unbilical-placental vascular anomalies
Multiple gestations
Confided placental mosaicism

Question 10

Maternal factors of IUGR?

Answer 10

--Decreased blood flow to placenta
Toxemia
Chronic hypertension
Nutritional status
Narcotic abuse
Alcohol intake
Heavy smoking
Certain drugs

Question 11

Define premature

Answer 11

Infants born before 37 weeks

- Structural and functional immaturity of organs (morbidity and nortality)

Question 12

Lungs in premature infants?

Answer 12

Normally until the 36th week the lungs are not developed and functioning

Question 13

Kidneys in premature infants?

Answer 13

Priitive glomeruli and tubules are often present in teh subcapsular zone

Question 14

Brain in premature infants?

Answer 14

Surface of the brain is relatively smooth

Poor demarcation of the white and gray matter strcutures

Question 15

Enlarged liver in premature infants?

Answer 15

Due to the presence of extramedullary hematopoiesis

Question 16

Jaundice in premature infants?

Answer 16

Many liver enzymes are not well developed

Question 17

Define intracranial hemorrhage

Answer 17

Predisposing factors include prolonged labor, hypoxia, hemorrhagic disorders, and intracranial vascular anomalies

Question 18

Define caput succedaneum

Answer 18

Accumulation of interstitial fluid in the soft tissue of the scalp, resulting in a circular area of edema, congestion and swelling at the site where the head begins to enter the lower uterine canal

Question 19

Define malformations

Answer 19

Represents intrinsic abnormalities that occurring relatively early during fetal developmental process
Involve single or multiple organ systems

Question 20

Define anencephaly

Answer 20

Absence of brain

Question 21

Define deformations

Answer 21

Arise relatively late in fetal life due to influence of mechanical factors
Abnoralities in shape, form or position
- Factor: uterine constraint –> multiple fetuses

Question 22

Define disruptions

Answer 22

Result from secondary destruction or interference with an organ or body region that was previously normal
External or internal interferences

Question 23

Define amniotic bands

Answer 23

Occur when the amnion ruptures without injury to the chorion

- Fibrious tissues entangle the baby reducing bloody supply and causing congenital abnormalities

Question 24

Define sequence

Answer 24

Series of multiple congenital anomalies resulting from a single localized aberration in organogenesis leading to secondary effects in other organs
- Primarily may be malformations, deformation or disruption

Question 25

Define syndrome

Answer 25

Several defects are present that are thought to be genetically related but cannot be explained on the basis of a single, localized initiating anomaly

• Caused by a single etiologic agent that affects several tissues
• –> underlying condition is known it is referred to as a disease

Question 26

Define agenesis

Answer 26

Complete absence of an organ and its associated primordium

Question 27

Define aplasia

Answer 27

Absence of an organ because of failure of the development of its primordium

Question 28

Define atresia

Answer 28

Absence of an opening, usually of a hollow visceral organ, such as the trachea or intestine

Question 29

Define hypoplasia

Answer 29

Incomplete development an organ, with decreased numbers of cells
— less severe form of aplasia

Question 30

Define hyperplasia

Answer 30

Overdevelopment of an organ associated with increased numbers of cells

Question 31

Define hypertrophy

Answer 31

Increase in organ size or function releated to an increase in size

Question 32

Define hypotrphy

Answer 32

Decrease in organ size or function related to a decrease in size

Question 33

Define dysplasia

Answer 33

Context of malformations, refers to abnormal organization of individual cells