Infancy and Toddlerhood- Language Development

Question 1

Nativism

Answer 1

We are predisposed to acquire language; Universal Grammar: we are born with the structures of language in place

Question 2

Interactionism (social-interactionism)

Answer 2

Emphasis on experience and interactions with others; learning language requires assistance form someone who already knows it; adults naturally adjust their speech for children (simple language; highlights nouns)

Question 3

Statistical learning

Answer 3

Infants are really good at tracking patterns (how often things happen); uses general cognitive abilities to learn language (patterns in our environment); lego vs legos

Question 4

Infant Directed Speech (IDS)

Answer 4

Motherese; “look at you, you’re so cute!” or “look at those chubby cheeks!” and repeat multiple times to baby; a way to talk to babies

Question 5

Expressive style

Answer 5

Children produce may more social formulas and pronouns (thank you, done, I want it); children learning language in a style with relationships

Question 6

Receptive style

Answer 6

Children’s’ vocabularies consisted mainly of words that refer to objects; objects in individualistic environments

Question 7

Recasts

Answer 7

Restructuring inaccurate speech into correct form

Question 8

Expansions

Answer 8

Elaborating on children’s speech, increasing its complexity; “I gotten new red shoes” - “Yes, you got a pair of new red shoes.”

Question 9

Cooing

Answer 9

(2-4 months after birth); vowel sounds

Question 10

Babbling

Answer 10

(4-6 months); consonants; which sounds go together

Question 11

Phonemes/Phonology

Answer 11

sounds and sound systems of language; cat/bat (changes the meaning of the word); “c” or “b” don’t carry meaning on their own; how do I put my sounds together?

Question 12

Morphemes/ Morphology

Answer 12

Smallest unit of language that carry meaning

Question 13

Pragmatics

Answer 13

The knowledge of when and how to use language; contextual info; politeness; how to use your language; knowing you should say please and thank you

Question 14

Joint attention

Answer 14

Parents and children focus on, or communicate, about the same object (“Look at my bottle!” The mom can say, “Yes, it has a pink lid!”

Question 15

Telegraphic speech

Answer 15

Two word phrases: “Send money” or “milk please”

Question 16

Underextension

Answer 16

Using words in a narrower range (The only castle is Disneyland and there are no other castles)[which there are other castles like the Downtown Abbey castle)

Question 17

Overextension (word learning)

Answer 17

Using words in a wider range (All furry things are cats and anything that is not furry is not a kitty)

Question 18

Whole object bias

Answer 18

The entire object (reference the entire object versus the pink nose or the tail or the spots on the cow)

Question 19

Mutual Exclusivity Principle

Answer 19

Things have one name and not a lot of other names

Question 20

Taxonomic Bias

Answer 20

Labeling things as a basic standard (not too broad but also not too specific)

Question 21

Overregularization (grammar)

Answer 21

Extension of regular grammatical patterns to (irregular words); go + past=goed or Miami= my-ami not your-ami; learning rules and applying rules but still making some mistakes; eat vs ate