Infancy and Toddlerhood- Language Development Flashcards
Nativism
We are predisposed to acquire language; Universal Grammar: we are born with the structures of language in place
Interactionism (social-interactionism)
Emphasis on experience and interactions with others; learning language requires assistance form someone who already knows it; adults naturally adjust their speech for children (simple language; highlights nouns)
Statistical learning
Infants are really good at tracking patterns (how often things happen); uses general cognitive abilities to learn language (patterns in our environment); lego vs legos
Infant Directed Speech (IDS)
Motherese; “look at you, you’re so cute!” or “look at those chubby cheeks!” and repeat multiple times to baby; a way to talk to babies
Expressive style
Children produce may more social formulas and pronouns (thank you, done, I want it); children learning language in a style with relationships
Receptive style
Children’s’ vocabularies consisted mainly of words that refer to objects; objects in individualistic environments
Recasts
Restructuring inaccurate speech into correct form
Expansions
Elaborating on children’s speech, increasing its complexity; “I gotten new red shoes” - “Yes, you got a pair of new red shoes.”
Cooing
(2-4 months after birth); vowel sounds
Babbling
(4-6 months); consonants; which sounds go together
Phonemes/Phonology
sounds and sound systems of language; cat/bat (changes the meaning of the word); “c” or “b” don’t carry meaning on their own; how do I put my sounds together?
Morphemes/ Morphology
Smallest unit of language that carry meaning
Pragmatics
The knowledge of when and how to use language; contextual info; politeness; how to use your language; knowing you should say please and thank you
Joint attention
Parents and children focus on, or communicate, about the same object (“Look at my bottle!” The mom can say, “Yes, it has a pink lid!”
Telegraphic speech
Two word phrases: “Send money” or “milk please”
Underextension
Using words in a narrower range (The only castle is Disneyland and there are no other castles)[which there are other castles like the Downtown Abbey castle)
Overextension (word learning)
Using words in a wider range (All furry things are cats and anything that is not furry is not a kitty)
Whole object bias
The entire object (reference the entire object versus the pink nose or the tail or the spots on the cow)
Mutual Exclusivity Principle
Things have one name and not a lot of other names
Taxonomic Bias
Labeling things as a basic standard (not too broad but also not too specific)
Overregularization (grammar)
Extension of regular grammatical patterns to (irregular words); go + past=goed or Miami= my-ami not your-ami; learning rules and applying rules but still making some mistakes; eat vs ate
